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On August 11−12, 2017, a hurricane passed from south to north of Poland causing considerable damage to forests, especially in regional directorates of the State Forests in Wrocław, Poznań, Toruń, Szczecinek and Gdańsk. By the end of 2018, the volume of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees and deadwood approximated to 9 million m³. In 9 forest districts the harvested volume exceeded 440 thousand m³, including two entities with over 1 million m³ each. The harvested volume was expressed as a percentage of allowable cut, calculated from the stand growth model. It showed possibile timber harvest in final and intermediate cuts in the absence of natural disasters (strong wind, intense drought, heavy snowfall, insect outbreaks, etc.). In many forest districts, timber harvest accounted for 100% of the allowable cut, with the maximum value approximated to 1100% of the allowable cut. The high salvage harvest of post−hurricane timber prevents the execution of other economic tasks, including plans of stand rebuilding. On the example of forest districts with the largest damage, the possibilities of selecting forests classified as the most threatened by wind were examined. The wind damage risk model for the stand was used to determine the value of wind damage risk factor Wr for each stand (values from 0 to 3; the higher value, the higher risk). The damage risk factor allowed to create six damage risk classes of a span of 0.5 each and to assign individual stands to one of the damage classes. The share of the area of stands and damaged stands in Wr classes was also determined. In the Lipusz Forest District the share of stands in VI class of Wr was 9.8%, and the area of damaged stands in this class was 98.3%. In the Rytel and Przymuszewo forest districts, the areal share of such stands was 10.7% and 5.1%, respectively, and almost all stands in this class were damaged by the hurricane. The areal share of forests in the highest Wr class was reported in the Gniezno Forest District accounting for 4.8% and the hurricane damaged 85% of their area. The wind damage risk model for the stand allows to identify forests where damage is very likely to occur. It is, therefore, possible to take action on the rebuilding of stands before the wind comes and thus reduce its negative effects. The cutting plan should include, in the first place, stands classified to the high wind damage risk factor.
The purpose of the article is to determine the value of losses resulting from salvage cutting of stands and to estimate the amount of extraordinary costs and profits from the sale of removed wood in forests damaged by a wind−storm that occurred on June 17, 2016 in the Supraśl Forest District (NE Poland). We obtained the following data from the State Forests Information System: the size of disaster area, the volume and structure of harvested wood in the affected area, extraordinary costs as a result of damage caused by a wind−storm, average sales price of downed or broken wood separated into individual recipients and entrepreneurs. The renewal of the disaster area has not been completed as for June 5, 2019. To determine the value of losses due to salvage felling of stands, formulas included in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 20 June 2002 on one−time compensation for salvage felling of stands were used. Tables of stand value indicators developed by the Forest Research Institute in 2013 were used for the calculations. The total area of forests damaged by a wind−storm in the Supraśl Forest District was 329 ha. The area in which harvesting was carried out using a clear−cutting method covered 284 ha, the removal of damage in the remaining area was performed in accidental cuts. The total extraordinary costs incurred by the Supraśl Forest District as a result of a wind−storm amounted to over PLN 10.9 million, the largest group were costs related to harvesting and skidding of trees in disaster areas (nearly PLN 9.5 million). The total value of sales of large− and medium−sized wood assortments to retail customers was approximately PLN 1.93 million and to entrepreneurs over PLN 44.7 million. The value of small−sized assortments was at the level of PLN 37.5 thousand for retail customers and PLN 39.8 thousand for entrepreneurs. The value of forests damaged by a wind−storm was estimated at over PLN 20.3 million. A comprehensive analysis of the economic effects of the natural disaster in the Supraśl Forest District has not been completed; it requires research conducted in subsequent years, as the consequences and related costs of the hurricane will be experienced in the near future.
The aim of the study was to present two issues concerning forests in the Sudety Mts. (SW Poland): 1) the process of tree mortality in individual years in the period between 2002 and 2018, as well as 2) the analysis of the radial growth of the main tree species (i.e. spruce, larch, beech, fir and Douglas fir). The intensity of the process of tree mortality is evidenced by the volume of wind−broken or wind−fallen trees and deadwood. The record volume of post−hurricane wood was harvested after the hurricane ‘Cyril’ (January 2007). The volume of wood removed in 2007−2008 amounted to 1.4 million m³. Quite a high share of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees in the volume of harvested wood raw material concerned the years 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2018. In the latter year, the damage was caused by the hurricane ‘Grzegorz’. The record removal of deadwood occurred in 2016 following an exceptionally severe drought in the 2015 growing season. The high volume of deadwood in 2017 and 2018 was augmented by quite a high volume of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees. Spruce and larch showed the strongest response to severe drought in 2015 by lowering the increment in diameter and producing a narrow layer of latewood, while the response of beech and Douglas fir was the slightest. No such response was found in fir. The main tree species in the Sudetes is spruce, which quickly disappears from this area. It is necessary to look for such species of trees that might replace spruce, i.e. species more suitable to changing climatic conditions, such as beech, oak, ash, sycamore, pine and larch – but also fir and Douglas fir. The latter two species show a high tolerance to changing climatic conditions, and a high potential in the production of wood.
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