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Grasslands in the Kulawa river valley (ca. 10 ha) were subject to land improvement in the 19th century, and remnants of the hydrotechnical system and overgrown ditches are still present. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the present meadow ecosystems; (2) predict their changes under the influence of the planned restoration of the hydrotechnical system and (3) compare results of various methods: phytoindication, phytosociological, floristic, and principal component analysis. The applied methods complemented one another. The devastation of the hydrotechnical system and the lack of utilization of the grasslands have led to either drying or waterlogging of the soil, and to changes in vegetation. The plant communities that have developed there represent the intermediate stage of regressive succession, and belong to the orders Arrhenatheretalia, Molinietalia, and the class Phragmitetea. Particularly the patches growing on relatively dry, strongly decomposed peaty soil have lost the characteristics of damp meadows. Meadow species have declined there, and nitrophilous species have replaced them. Only a local depression without outflow, which was earlier drained, is now waterlogged again, with a mosaic of calcareous fen, meadow, and marsh vegetation, including large populations of 11 species that are rare, protected, or listed as indicator species for the Natura 2000 habitat 7210*. Results of this study indicate that the present conditions in the waterlogged depression should be preserved. In contrast, the dry patches should be irrigated and subject to extensive farming.
In Tropical Savannah flooded valley soils, very low infiltration rates often result in acidic conditions favourable to high concentrations of metallic ions, toxic for rice. Determination of the under-phreatic infiltration rate is important in drainage design to reclaim degraded soils. Several studies have addressed the mapping of the infiltration rate. Yet, its relationship with the toposequence of the valley is not clarified. This paper has investi- gated such a possibility, examining the case of the irrigated rice valley of Tiefora, Burkina Faso. Nine boreholes – from 1 to 5 m deep – were implemented from upstream to downstream. The Lefranc permeability test of the under-phreatic level in water- logged soils – used when the impervious layer is close to soil sur- face or absent – was conducted. First, a comparative regression was applied to the data, including all the parameters of the regression curves. In the case of dissimilarity of the infiltration processes, the comparison focused on the final permeability. The results show a permeability increase from upstream (0.10±0.10 cm h -1 ) to down- stream (greater than 20±10 cm h -1 in some places). Taking into account such a permeability increase in the subsurface drainage system design would result in implementation of more efficient and cost effective systems.
The paper presents the results of measurements of some physical properties for 14 drained fen peat-moorsh layers (degree of decomposition, bulk density, particle density, porosity and saturated moisture content). The soil samples were taken from north- -east, central and east part of Poland. These areas were drained in order to use as a grassland and meadows. The article presents obtained data of selected physical properties from several drained peatlands in Poland and shows the comparison of established results with relevant data published in literature.
The project presents research involving an analysis and evaluation of water supply of poorly permeable soils in drained arable lands. The analysis dealt with research conducted in 2003–2005 at similar meteorological conditions in an agricultural submountain catchment area situated in Central Sudety. In particular, the analysis concerned water and air properties of examined deposits with regard to their water-retention. The measurements of moisture density of soil profi les and calculated water supplies in layers 1–100 cm showed a crosssection of reserves of soil retention. This depended on the depth and lay of the land as well as drainage conditions. In the lower drainage area at the foot of the slope there was a notably higher level of groundwater than in other places on the slope. In areas where rainfall was the exclusive source of groundwater the measured water-supplies were lower than in multi-sourced drainage areas. The amount of measured supplies for the vegetation period spanning the whole research time was not lower than 70% of the fi eld-water capacity.
Periodical summer drying has been a common practice in fishponds management in many intensively used European landscapes. It was shown that these ephemeral biotopes are often colonised by endangered plant communities typical for riverine gravel beds. However, almost nothing is known about their conservation potential for terrestrial arthropods. Spiders at a periodically drained bottom of the Manovicky rybnik pond, western Czech Republic, were surveyed from May to September 2007 by pitfall-trapping, vegetation sweeping and individual collecting. Although just 25 spider species were found, several of them are considered as regionally important. Psammophilous Steatoda albomaculata (nationally nearly threatened) and xerothermophilous Tricca lutetiana are regionally very rare species occurring mainly in warmer areas; the Manovicky rybnik pond is only their second known locality in the study region. Hypsosinga heri and H. pygmaea, two recorded hygrophilous species, are regionally very rare species of colder, near-natural wetlands. The combination of several other hygrophilous and xerothermophilous species, caused by habitat diversity of extreme substrate conditions, forms the spider community at the site. Co-occurrence of these species and abiotic conditions was typical for periodically disturbed riverine gravel beds, an almost vanished habitat in Central Europe. The relatively broad habitat relations diversity of the species inhabiting this very small (1.5 ha) site and the occurrence of several regionally important species indicate that periodically drained pond bottoms could be important anthropogenic habitatsfor terrestrial arthropods conservation.
Thirty-four identified in addition to five unidentified species appertaining to ten genera of zoosporic fungi were identified and isolated from eighty four polluted water samples, which were randomly collected from different polluted sites of the water drainages along the Niles Delta in Lower Egypt. Baiting sesame seeds culture technique was employed at 20±2°C for the recovery of zoosporic fungi. The genera; Pythium and Saprolegnia (8 and 7 zoosporic fungal species, respectively) showed the broadest spectra of species diversity whereas Aqualinderella was only represented by one species (A. fermentans). Saprolegnia delica and Dictyuchus carpophorus(the greatest fungal populations) were the most dominant isolated zoosporic fungal species where they were highly occurred especially at the hyperpolluted waters with the heavy metals. These two species could be considered as indicators for the response of the structure and function of microbial communities for water pollution. Several zoosporic fungal species were rarely encountered. Both Aqualinderella fermentansand Pythium rostratumwere recovered in moderate frequency of occurrence. Water samples which had high concentrations in heavy metals were the poorest in the species diversity of zoosporic fungi. Despite that, fungal species belonging to the family Saprolegniaceaeflourished in hyper polluted water samples whilst those belonging to the family Pythiaceae predominated in more diluted water samples. Also, the prevalent species; S. delica andD. carpophoruswere not affected by heavy metals concentrations being as indicators for water pollution with the heavy metals. pH values of the polluted water samples had no influence on the occurrence of zoosporic fungi. Water samples characterized by high organic matter content and low total soluble salts were the richest in zoosporic fungal species.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań niektórych własności fizycznych i wodoprzepuszczalności kompozytu warstwy nośnej oraz piasku warstwy drenażowej płyty boiska piłkarskiego na stadionie klubu Wisła Kraków SA w Krakowie trzy lata po przebudowie wykonanej w 2004 roku, według normy DIN 18 035. Uziarnienie, gęstość właściwą, gęstość objętościową, porowatość, przesiąkliwość i współczynniki filtracji oznaczono metodami standardowymi. Wyniki badań porównano z zaleceniami normy. Wykazano istotne znaczenie kompozytu dla wodoprzepuszczalności płyty boiska. Wyniki mogą być wykorzystane przy budowie lub przebudowie boisk i obiektów sportowych z naturalnym porostem trawiastym.
In various regions of the world you will find areas with low precipitation and high water deficits in soil in terms of field plant production. Examples of such areas are the Kherson region in Ukraine and the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, especially the Kujawy region, in Poland. The Kakhovka Irrigation System in the Kherson region of Ukraine is the largest irrigation system in Europe. In 2015 it facilitated irrigating about 220 thousand ha. of farmland. Some limitation in the use of that system for enhancing soil productivity comes from the water quality. In the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, Poland, which covers about 1 mln ha. of agricultural land, direct irrigation is performed on about 12 thousand ha. An improvement in soil moisture is seen through increasing water retention in the habitat by limiting water outflow.
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