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The aim of the study was to compare the physicochemical properties and indices of shelf life stability of dry aged beef with wet aged beef under vacuum. The research material included two skeletal muscles (LL, m. longissimus lumborum, and ST, m. semitendinosus) taken from half carcasses of 8 head (3 bulls and 5 steers) of Whiteback cattle. The following parameters were measured: pH and oxidation-reduction potential (pH-metr Elmetron CP-401, ERH-12-6 i ERPt-13), water activity (HygroLab C1, Rotronic), and colour (according to CIE L*a*b* by Konica-Minolta 600d spectrophotometer). Reference methods were used to determine the content of moisture (PN-ISO 1442:2000), total protein (PN-A-04018:1975/Az3:2002, N × 6.25), and ash (PN-ISO 936:2000). The concentration of K, Na, Mg, Zn and Fe was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a Varian AA240FS spectrometer. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using STATISTICA 13 (Dell Inc.). The influence of the ageing type on the physicochemical properties and shelf life indices within muscles was verified by one-way ANOVA. A higher content of total protein and minerals, as well as lower hydration of muscle proteins were stated in dry aged beef. In turn, vacuum packaging had a stabilising effect for the colour of fresh meat (a lower value of ΔE), maintained the initial lightness (L*) and significantly increased chromatic saturation (a higher value of a* and b* coordinates). Application of acid whey (together with sea salt) positively influenced shelf life stability of dry aged beef, due to acidity increasing and lowering of moisture content and water activity. The obtained results indicate that beef from Whiteback cattle can be successfully used both for the production of wet aged beef under vacuum and for manufacturing dry aged raw beef. Each direction of use will be decided by the current market demand and consumer preferences. The present results support the need to continue research in this topic taking into account both other native cattle breeds and alternative methods of packaging.
Beef ageing is a technique used by meat technologists, retailers, and restaurateurs to intensify flavor and improve tenderness due to the natural enzymatic processes occurring in meat postmortem. There is a widespread consensus that meat should age to achieve desirable palatability and tenderness. However, taking into account obvious advantages and disadvantages it is questionable which technique of meat ageing is to be selected. The paper presents two techniques of beef ageing (dry and wet) and their effect on the final sensory quality of meat, weight losses, and microbiological status. On the one hand, dry ageing primarily augments the flavor of meat. On the other hand, wet ageing notably increases the meat tenderness. Unfortunately, dry ageing of unpacked beef (or beef cuts) is a process which requires specific temperatures, relative humidity, airflow, and high standards of hygienic conditions. In contrast, wet ageing of meat in a vacuum bag does not require such circumstances (with the exception of temperature). Moreover, wet ageing can further amplify the effect of dry ageing, thus creating an additional benefit. The main advantages of this combination are the constrained weight loss of beef and a substantial reduction in the risk of contamination. Although the dry beef ageing process is extremely time-consuming, requires particular attention and professional knowledge, it turns out that a narrow group of consumers is prepared to pay a premium for the properly manufactured final productthat stands out in terms of a unique taste profile. Furthermore, such a product is nutritious and completely safe from the health point of view (the lack of pathogenic microorganisms and mycotoxins as well as relatively low level of biogenic amines) when good hygienic and manufacturing practices (temperature, humidity, air-flow, careful treatment) are respected.
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