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29 mink and 35 dog specimens investigated showed some occurrence of double renal arteries.
Peliosis hepatis (PH) is a rare condition characterized by dilatation of hepatic sinusoids and the presence of blood-filled spaces within the liver. The disease occurs mainly in subjects exposed to toxic substances or estrogens, and is often asymptomatic. A 9 year-old pekingese female dog was sent to Division of Pathology for autopsy because of sudden death of unclear cause. Autopsy revealed severe hydroperitoneum (1500 ml of transsudate), dilatation of heart ventricles, passive hyperemia of lungs, spleen and kidneys. The liver was enlarged, with slightly wrinkled surface, with many red spots, of different size and shape. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed the presence of areas with severe dilatation of hepatic sinusoids, and multiple cystic spaces filled with blood. Some of these spaces were lined with endothelium and other were not. Spaces were different in shape and size and were localized in the areas between dilated sinusoids. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic examination, the liver lesions were identified as severe hepatic sinusoidal dilatation with formation of peliosis hepatis-tike structures.
Four patients, with an average age of 58 years, hospitalised in 2008 because of bite wounds to the lower leg, were analysed. The study was based on the analysis of medical records and the results of laboratory and microbiological tests. Precise wound cleansing and dressing, appropriate to each case, are principal elements of management in the treatment of dog bite wounds. Potential complications include limb infection, deformation, and amputation.
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Proper care of dogs from their owner’s perspective

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Proper care of dogs from their owner's perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the level of awareness of dog owners regarding the needs of dogs and ways of providing them with proper care. In order to provide dogs with proper care one needs to consider both the specific requirements of the species, as well as the expectations of the owners. The owner (in Poland) awareness survey was carried out by means of an internet diagnostic survey. The survey was performed on a group of 424 people currently owning dogs. Surveyed were asked 12 questions. The results of the survey were processed statistically (SPSS 23.0 statistical package). In order to divide the respondents into groups of various awareness of dog welfare, a clustering analysis was performed using k-means clustering. In order to estimate the differences in several independent variable samples the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The respondents attributed the largest weight to medical costs (0.847) and physical activity associated with owning a dog (0.844). They regarded the costs of keep least important (0.548). The differences were confirmed statistically. Already during the phase of making the decision about owning a dog the more aware persons search for information about the animal. Such people declare o greater weight of all elements of dog care associated with welfare. This relation is evident in case of grooming and providing the dog with walks. The obtained results of the survey show that the majority of the respondents are people knowing the needs of their dogs.
A significant number of cases of clinical canine epilepsy remain difficult to control in spite of the applied treatment. At the same time, the range of antiepileptic drugs is increasingly wide, which allows efficient treatment. In the present paper we describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs which were licensed after 1990 but are still not widely used in veterinary medicine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of six of these drugs were tested on dogs. The results of experimental studies suggest that second generation antiepileptic drugs may be applied in mono- as well as in poli- treatment of canine epilepsy because of the larger safety margin and more advantageous pharmacokinetic parameters. Knowledge of the drugs’ pharmacokinetics allows its proper clinical appliance, which, in turn, gives the chance to improve the efficiency of pharmacotherapy of canine epilepsy.
Aim of the study. The study presents the application and effectiveness of ultrasound and radiological examinations in cases of fistulas located in the lumbar region. Material and methods. Six spayed bitches of different big breeds were referred for radiological examination. In four dogs, the initial clinical examination revealed the presence of fistula in the sublumbar region. In two bitches, painful mass lesions were observed in the region of the lateral abdominal wall. The ultrasonography examination of the abdominal wall and cavity was performed. In four females, radiographic examination was performed, which in two cases was extended to fistulography. Results. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of non-physiological areas in the abdominal cavity, caudally to both kidneys. They had reduced echogenicity, characteristic of hyperplastic inflammation. Ultrasound examination also revealed the presence of structures characteristic of foreign bodies. In four cases, the course of the fistula tract and secondary extensions were visualized. In one female, tumor lesions in the ovary area were connected with the caudal part of a kidney. In this kidney, features of urinary retention were also observed. In two bitches, an enlarged uterine stump was observed. In the examined animals, the survey lateral abdominal radiograph did not reveal any pathological changes. Only in one animal, changes in the skeletal system were found. Radiographs performed in dorsal recumbency were differentiated between individual animals. Contrast examinations showed the course and secondary extensions of the fistula canal in both lateral and ventrodorsal projection. Lateral contrast radiographs revealed a significant spreading of fistula cavities and secondary extensions along the fascia lines of the abdominal wall. Conclusions. Ultrasound examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of fistulas, making it possible to perform a detailed evaluation of parenchymal organs and infected soft tissues, as well as to identify foreign bodies. However, it cannot be effectively used for a precise evaluation of the size of changes and relationships between fistula cavities and canals. Fistulography seems to be the most reliable for this purpose.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the catheter-aided intrathecal slow injection of low-dose bupivacain for ovariohysterectomy in 20 non-pregnant dogs. A Tuohy cannula and a spinal catheter were used for infusion. The distance between the lumbosacral-thoracolumbar spaces, was measured under sedation 24 h prior to the operation. The catheter inserted into the subarachnoid region through the lumbosacral space, was advanced into the thoracolumbar space and fixed to the region. One day later, 0.5% bupivacaine was administered via the catheter into the thoracolumbar region at a dose of 1 ml/10 kg and rate of 1 ml/min; afterwards, ovariohysterectomy was performed. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded prior to anaesthesia, and 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min following anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was seen to last for 1.5-3 h. No adverse effects with regard to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates during anaesthesia were observed. With this method, a reliable, fast-acting and desirable anaesthesia was achieved. In conclusion, in cases where general anaesthesia might be dangerous, spinal anaesthesia with a catheter could provide a risk-free option.
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