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Background. This study analysed the correlation between characteristic dietary and non- dietary factors of fracture risk in women and mineral density of bone tissue (BMD). Material and methods. The study involved examination of 172 women, aged between 32 and 59. Calcium intake from a daily diet was determined with the use of the semiquantitative food consumption frequency method. The physical activity of the women was expressed in MET-minutes/week. BMD was determined by double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The frequency of bone fracture and osteoporosis risk factors was determined and a 10-year risk of fracture (RB-10) was individually diagnosed according to the WHO and IOF criteria (2007). A high level of fracture risk (RB-10 > 14%) was assumed according to the Johnell's algorithm [2005], Results. The most frequent factors of fracture risk in women included: bone pains (76% of the total sample), inadequate calcium intake (43%), smoking (24%), previous fractures (24%), incidence of chronic diseases (22%), menstrual disorders (19%), family history of osteoporosis (17%), low physical activity (15%) and the incidence of thyroid disorders (10%). 85% of women had at least one factor of 10-year absolute risk of fracture. None of the examined women consumed a sufficient amount of calcium and the average calcium intake level was low (median of about 400 mg/day). Bone mineral density did not reveal any relationship with current intake of calcium by women, but depended on the consumption of dairy products in the past. Conclusions. Daily consumption of dairy products in childhood and in the school period was conductive to a higher mineral density of bone tissue in women. Advanced age and the occurrence of menstrual disorders were conductive to a lower mineral density of bone tissue in women. Women with low bone mineral density (lower BMD tertile) more frequently used supplementation with preparations containing calcium (25%) and more often had at least one RB-10 risk factor (93% of the sample).
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Magnesium: its role in nutrition and carcinogenesis

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Magnesium (Mg2+) plays a key role in many essential cellular processes such as intermediary metabolism, DNA replication and repair, transporting potassium and calcium ions, cell proliferation together with signalling transduction. Dietary sources rich in magnesium are whole and unrefined grains, seeds, cocoa, nuts, almonds and green leafy vegetables. Hard water is also considered to be an important source of magnesium beneficial to human health. The daily dietary intake of magnesium is however frequently found to be below that recommended in Western countries. Indeed, it is recognised that magnesium deficiency may lead to many disorders of the human body, where for instance magnesium depletion is believed to play an important role in the aetiology of the following; cardiovascular disease (including thrombosis, atherosclerosis, ishaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, arrhythmias and congestive heart failure in human), as well as diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease, liver cirrhosis and diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Insufficient dietary intake of magnesium may also significantly affect the development and exacerbation of ADHD (Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms in children. The known links between magnesium and carcinogenesis still remain unclear and complex, with conflicting results being reported from many experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies; further knowledge is thus required. Mg2+ ions are enzyme cofactors involved in DNA repair mechanisms that maintain genomic stability and fidelity. Any magnesium deficiencies could thereby cause a dysfunction of these systems to occur leading to DNA mutations. Magnesium deficiency may also be associated with inflammation and increased levels of free radicals where both inflammatory mediators and free radicals so arising could cause oxidative DNA damage and therefore tumour formation. The presented review article now provides a summary discussion of the various research performed concerning the impact that low magnesium intake has on tumour incidence; this includes impairment of magnesium homeostasis frequently observed in tumour cells, the influence of magnesium depletion on the progression of existing tumours and the occurrence of hypo-magnesaemia when patients are treated with certain anticancer drugs.
Background. The osteoporosis is becoming serious problem for the preventive healthcare, that is stated for Poland and western countries. The loss of bone mass in women may be even five times higher than in men, so in the osteoporosis preventive strategies, young women are indicated as best potential target group. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze the osteoporosis risk, on the basis of diet assessment in young Polish women, while satisfying nutritional needs for bone health-related nutrients was taken into account. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in the group of 75 women, aged 20-30, who prepared three-day dietary record (14% of underweight, 15% of excessive body mass individuals). The intakes of nutrients being associated directly with risk of osteoporosis (protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin B6, folates, vitamin B12, vitamin C) were analysed. Results. The vast majority (89%) of individuals was characterized by lower declared energy intake than calculated requirement. The majority was characterized by inadequate intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D and folates. Only 25% was characterized by an adequate intake of calcium and, while supplementation was taken into account, 10% was characterized by an adequate intake of vitamin D. Conclusions. Following diets declared by the analysed young women may be the factor increasing seriously the risk of osteoporosis, as well as the risk of other diet-related diseases. The low intake of majority of analysed nutrients in the analysed group may result mainly from low energy value of declared diets. Taking into account the proper BMI of the majority of analysed group of young women and low energy value of their declared diets, the common underreporting may be supposed, and it may contribute to osteoporosis risk overestimation.
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