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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5,8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. rRNA is the most conserved (least variable) gene in all cells. For this reason, genes that encode the rRNA (rDNA) are sequenced to identify an organism's taxonomic group, calculate related groups, and estimate rates of species divergence. Especially the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) are very useful for molecular diagnostic of parasite. They are noncoding regions of DNA sequence that separate genes coding for the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S ribosomal RNAs. These ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are highly conserved across taxa while the spacers between them may be species-specific. In this paper authors describe practical using of rRNA gene to parasite diagnostic.
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The aim of the work was analyzing of genomic DNA of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from clinical cases otitis externa from dogs using RAPD method with arbitrary primers Eric1R, Eric2, BG2 and FM1. Materials and methods. 47 strains of M. pachydermatis isolates from clinical cases otitis externa from dogs were tested. Isolation of genomic DNA was provided according with MasterPureTM Yeast DNA Purification Kit EPICENTRE procedure. The quality of isolated genomic DNA was determined electrophoreticaly. For differentiation the following primers were used: Eric1R, Eric2, BG2 and FM1. Primers Eric 1R and Eric 2 were used together in one reaction or amplificated separately. Obtained products were analyzed electrophoreticaly in 1.5% agarose gel. For determination of phylogenic tree Quantity one VersaDoc (BioRad) and Statgraphics plus 4.1 programs were used. Results. High degree of heterogeneity of DNA among investigated isolates of M. pachydermatis was shown using FM1 primer. Dendrograms were prepared by calculation euclid's distance of different parameters (size and count of RAPD products) by nearest neighbor method. Basing on phylogenic tree four main types (phylogenic groups) of M. pachydermatis isolates were shown. The other five groups non-count was shown also.
Background. Parasitological screening was carried out in a breeding herd of the New Zealand White rabbit breed in 2004. Material and methods. Mothers, together with their offsprings, were kept in boxes on deep litter, whereas young rabbits were transferred to cages with slatted floor. All the animals were fed a complete balanced pelleted feed with two coccidiostats added alternately (Lerbec, Robenidine), and droplet watering system was applied. No anthelmintic was used in the rabbitry. A total of 170 individual samples of fresh feces from females of breeding stock, and 55 pooled samples in the case of young animals 2-4 months of age, collected on a month intervals, were analyzed according to a modified concentration McMaster's method, using saturated salty water with sugar as a flotation fluid. Results. The presence of several species of coccidia was evaluated, with Eimeria stiedae, E. perforans, E. media and E. magna being found in great numbers. The dynamics of infection showed that both adults and young animals were affected by coccidia mostly in May (mean intensity reached at that time 24000 opg in young rabbits), and then until August the infection lasted on a high level. As regards coccidiosis, parasitism could be considerably cut back in the herd by frequent changing of the straw litter, which should also always be dry. Only Passalurus ambiguus was found from nematodes, and only in the feces of adults, probably due to the modern forage and watering system applied, which broke the other worms' life cycles.
Proteins were extracted from F. hepatica collected on cattle and sheep. The extract was purified in the column with sephadex G-25. The proteins were separated using the Davis method in electrophoretic systems constructed by the authors, in the columns and in blocks in polyacrylamid gel. The electrophoregrams served for making densometric diagrams and for calculating electrophoretic mobility coefficient (Rf) of the identified protein bands. Both in the blocks and in the columns 26 protein bands have been identified in F. hepatica from both cattle and sheep. Statistical analysis with t Student test showed significant differences in their Rf values. A high reproducibility of the results has been obtained both in the columns and in the blocks of polyacrilamid gel.
Hookworms are very important blood sucking nematode parasites of humans and domestic animals. The host with a heavy infection can lose almost a cup of blood per day. This may contribute to anemia which is associated with many physical and mental developmental insults. The works on obtaining an effective hookworm vaccine have been lasting for about eighty years. Recent identifications of a number of bioactive molecules produced by larval and adult stages of Ancylostomatidae are very helpful for selecting of nematode proteins crucial for host-parasite interactions and promising vaccine antigens. Many of these molecules are involved in host skin penetration by infective larvae, intestinal tissue invasion and digestion of haemoglobin and/or other macromolecular substrates. However, the results of many vaccination trials using recombinant forms of these proteins showed no sufficient protection against experimental hookworm infections.
Apart from roundworms, Ancylostomatidae nematodes are presently the most frequently observed nematodes in dogs in Poland, with two species described so far: Uncinaria stenocephala and Ancylostoma caninum. The study aimed to determine the hookworm species found in dogs in Poland, with special emphasis on the Lublin region. The study material consisted of fecal samples collected from 500 dogs from the area of the Lublin voivodeship. With the use of microscope methods, parasite eggs were found in 56.4% of the samples, dominated by the Ancyclostomidae nematode (26.8%). The isolated hookworm eggs were subject to morphometric measurements, giving a mean length of 77.60 µm and width of 44.25 µm (±SD ±6.01 and ±4.54 respectively) within the range 67-91 × 36-56 µm. The hookworm larvae that hatched from the samples were subject to molecular analysis (72 samples) and all were identified as U. stenocephala. In the area of the Lublin voivodeship U. stenocephala is the dominant hookworm species in dogs.
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Introduction. Giardia intestinalis is the most common intestinal protozoan parasite, which infects humans, dogs and other mammals throughout the world. So far eight genotypes of the parasite have been described of which four were found in dogs. Assemblages A-I and B infect either dogs or humans. Assemblages C and D occur only in dogs. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of G. intestinalis in domestic dogs of Warsaw area. Material and methods. From October 2005 to March 2006 fecal samples were collected from 350 dogs and examined using light microscopy and PCR techniques. Results. 5.14% of dogs was found to be positive for G. intestinalis by microscopy and prevalence of 9.14% was found by PCR. The PCR amplicons were sequenced and the DNA sequences were compared with Giardia sequences in GeneBank database. The analysis revealed assemblage A-I in 1.71% of dogs, assemblage C in 1.14% and assemblage D in 6.28% of dogs in Warsaw. According to literature, the genotype A can infect humans however a role of dogs as a reservoir of human giardiosis in Poland is not known.
Two species of hookworms from genus Uncinaria have been found so far in Poland. Uncinaria stenocephala infects mainly dog, wolf and red fox, whereas Uncinaria criniformis is a parasite of mustelids (but it was also reported from red fox). 19 male and 29 female hookworms from red foxes have been compared with 10 male and 12 female worms from dogs. Hookworms from dogs were generally smaller than these from foxes, but no other morphological differences could be found. These hookworms were qualified to species Uncinaria stenocephala on the ground of morphology of male. Genomic DNA samples have been isolated from these hookworms and segments of rDNA including part of small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene; internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1); 5.8 S ribosomal RNA; internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and part of large subunit of ribosomal RNA have been amplified and sequenced. Sequences from Uncinaria obtained both from foxes and dogs have shown very high similarity to the sequence of Uncinaria stenocephala, so all examined hookworms have been classified as belonging to this species.
The aim of the study was to evaluate an influence of vaccination of the final host on F. hepatica development in intermediate hosts. Fluke eggs were isolated from the biliary tracts of calves vaccinated orally with recombinant cysteine proteinase of F. hepatica after the challenge infection and from control calves which received the infection only. To asses the ef fect of the vaccine on egg "hatch rate" the eggs were transferred to the Petri dishes with distilled water and incubated at 25°C for 16-19 days. They were subsequently exposed to light for about 2 h, at a temperature of 27 ± 1°C, to stimulate sprouting of the miracidia and asses the egg hatchability. In order to evaluate infectivity and pathogenicity of the miracidia, single miracidium infections of Lymnea truncatula by F. hepatica were carried out under laboratory conditions using 4-mm-high snails. The prevalence of snail infections with F. hepatica was calculated using the ratio between the number of cercariae-shedding snails in each group and that of surviving snails. It appeared that the eggs isolated from immunized calves demonstrated significantly lower hatchability than the eggs isolated from non-vaccinated control hosts. Also, the proportion of infected snails as well as their mortality were lower after exposition to miracidia originating from vaccinated calves. It is suggested that effectors of the immune response in vaccinated calves inhibited in part biological activity of cysteine proteinases of the fluke which are known to be involved in egg shell formation, penetration of host's tissues and worm feeding.
In patients with parodontium lesions infected and not infected with Trichomonas tenax the follwing indices were analysed: caries index, Russell's index (parodontium diseases), Greene-Vermillions index (oral hygiene). No statistically significant differences were found between infected and non-infected groups as regards caries and oral hygiene. Russell's index showed considerable differences between the groups of subjects.
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