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Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has emerged as an important pathogen of greenhouse tomato crops and is currently distributed worldwide. Population genetic studies have revealed a shift in the dominant PepMV genotype from European (EU) to Chilean 2 (CH2) in North America and several European countries. New genetic variants are constantly being created by mutation and recombination events. Single nucleotide substitutions in different parts of the genome were found to affect on development of symptoms resulting in new pathotypes and accumulation of viral RNA. The variability of the PepMV population has a great impact on designing specific diagnostic tools and developing efficient and durable strategies of disease control. In this paper we review the current knowledge about the PepMV population, the evolutionary dynamics of this highly infective virus, methods for its detection and plant protection strategies.
The period of swine vesicular disease (SVD) virus persistence in clinical and tissue samples from experimentally infected pigs was investigated. A range of samples including epithelial tissue from vesicles, nasal swabs, blood, faeces and organs were collected to examine for the presence of infectious SVD particles, genomes and antigen. For this purpose, the conventional and PCR techniques were applied. The RT-nPCR assay appeared to be the most sensitive for the detection of SVDV in samples taken late in the course of infection. Only by nested PCR we could found the presence of vRNA in blood and nasal swabs as long as 4 and 48 d.p.i. , respectively. Using virus isolation and RT-nPCR it was possible to detect viral genome in faeces up to 70 d.p.i. By RT-nPCR, the vRNA could be detected in somatic muscles and tonsil till 25 and 48 d.p.i., respectively. The virus could not generally be found in other organs beyond 7 d.p.i. The described RT-nPCR procedure can be useful for the duration estimation of infection of pigs with SVDV.
The paper deals with the issue of increasing the potential of the wood-processing sector and increasing its efficiency and competitiveness through the impact of foreign direct investment within the specific conditions of the wood-processing industry in the Slovak Republic. The aim of this paper is the analysis and evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative effects of foreign direct investment in the Slovak Republic and other V4 countries with a specific focus on the wood-processing industry in the Slovak Republic.
The goal of this study is to develop optimal diagnostic methods for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which will allow to distinguish familial from spontaneous cases and can be used in prenatal diagnostics as well. The paper summarizes the clinical part of the study, in which 69 families were analyzed. The families with OI were registered, their pedigrees were studied, a clinical classification of the disease was carried out and the dermatoglyphics of the affected patients were analyzed. Based on the above results a diagnostic algorithm was elaborated.
Until recently, the diagnosis of systemic mycoses was mainly based on traditional methods producing late and inconclusive results. Currently used methods of serological diagnostics are generally based on detection of cell wall components of selected pathogenic fungal species - mannoproteins, functioning as a antigenic markets. There are big hopes for adaptation of commercially available assays to detect (1—>3)-β-D-glucan because of the fact that its presence in blood and normally sterile body fluids should lead to initiation of the diagnostic workup of invasive fungal infection. Monitoring (1—>3)-β-D-glucan antigenemia is useful in predicting the therapeutic outcome of patients with invasive aspergillosis and in combination with galactomannan detection to identify false-positive reactions. The simultaneous use of both tests is probably more pertinent for the differentiation between yeast and mould infections.
Background. X-ray examination is a popular and universally used injury and disease diagnostic method. A distinctive X ray examination feature is that it can be done quickly which is extremely important in case of the need for rapid diagnosis of patients in life threatening condition. Another advantage of the X-ray examinations is also relatively low cost of carry. However, X-ray examination involve adverse health effects. During the examination the patient is subjected to ionizing radiation that might have impact on his health. Objective. The aim of this study has been to determine and assess the size of the entrance surface doses (ESD) received by patients during selected X-ray examinations performed on the basis of the medical working procedures available in healthcare entities in Masovian Voivodeship in Poland. Materials and Method. The examinations were conducted for 71 X-ray units located in the Masovian Voivodeship. Measurements of doses received by the patients were based on our own validated test methods. Results. It was found that the range applied to the high voltage in healthcare entities does not always coincide with the values specified in the standard procedures. It was found in the skull projection radiography AP and LAT that the recorded values were from range 60 to 82 kV (the average value of 74 kV) while in accordance with a standard procedure they should be in the range from 65 to 75 kV. Only in case of cervical spine radiography in the AP projection, the LAT exposure conditions were matching with the standard obligatory procedures in Poland. The consequence of selecting exposure conditions are significant differences in the size of the doses the patient receive during the same medical procedures. The greatest range of ESD doses was found during radiography of the thoracic spine in the projection AP and LAT. The projection LAT measured values were in the range of 523 to 10550 μGy (average value 2175 μGy). Conclusions. It is necessary to update immediately the standard procedures and to develop detailed guidelines for the preparation of working procedures in X-ray rooms.
Early diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle is an important factor determining the profitability of breeding. It can shorten the intercalving period by accelerating the next insemination procedure or diagnosing the cause of infertility. Palpation of the reproductive system per rectum is a method used for more than 100 years. It involves palpation of the uterine horns to detect the fetal vesicle, fetus water and the embryo itself. The earliest time when the fetal bladder can be detected is the 28th day after insemination in heifers or the 32nd-35th day in multiparous cows. The method is fast and cheap, it does not require additional equipment, and the result is immediate. An effective examination by this method is not easy and requires theoretical and practical preparation. The method also involves the risk of causing fetal damage, resulting in the loss of pregnancy and deterioration in the cow’s well-being. An upgrade of the method is the introduction of ultrasound rectal examination, which increases the efficiency of diagnosis and shortens the time from insemination to examination. Despite its long history, the diagnosis of early pregnancy by rectal examination has not lost its importance or popularity. Although new methods of diagnosing pregnancy continue to be introduced in today’s practice, they do not diminish the importance of rectal palpitation.
Rabbits were infected by intraventricular injection of tachyzoites of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii and examined for a laboratory evidence of toxoplasmosis at the advanced stage of infection. From the examined samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and brain sections, the samples of spinal fluid appeared frequently negative for toxoplasmosis in spite of very sensitive methods that had been used in the diagnostic procedure. Most probable explanation of the low efficiency of diagnostic methods based on examination of the spinal fluid was a slow circulation of the CSF, which did not promote dissemination of parasites within cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid spaces. The results of the studies allowed to conclude that rabbits infected by intraventricular injection of T. gondii provide a good model of toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system which may facilitate evaluation of the efficiency of diagnostic procedures used to differentiate the condition.
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