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Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are characterized as undifferentiated cells with the ability of self-renewal and multipotency to give rise to other cells of the nervous system. In our in vitro study we demonstrate the proliferative and differentiative potential of NPCs isolated from the spinal cord at different developmental stages (embryonal, early postnatal, adult), maintained and expanded within neurospheres (NSs). Using the NSs culture system, we examined the size, number of NSs and their fate when exposed to differentiation conditions. Based on immunocytochemical analyses for cell markers (MAP 2, GFAP, RIP) we evaluated the occurrence of various cell types: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The results show that NSs increased in size during cultivation time via NPC proliferation, but proliferation potential decreased during maturation stages. In addition, NPCs derived from spinal cord developmentally different stages gave rise to a consistent ratio of glial and neuronal progeny (3:1), and adult tissues represent a comparable source of NPCs compared to embryonal and early postnatal tissues. These data provide useful information for large-scale in vitro expansion of NPCs required for potential cell therapy after spinal cord injury.
White communicating rami were traced in 8 human embryos of developmental stages 14 and 15 (aged 33 and 36 postovulatory days, respectively). In embryos at stage 14 the white communicating rami were found in the spinal nerves T1 to T9. In embryos at stage 15 the white communicating rami were present at the spinal cord levels T1 to L3. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 75–77)
Changes in shoot length during development of two hybrid cultivars and one population cultivar of oilseed sunflower were compared in 3-year trials. Effects of cultivar, climatic factors, sowing density, and fertilization on plant height were analysed. In the conducted experiments, hybrid cultivars had higher shoots than cultivar ‘Wielkopolski’ since the first studied developmental stage (star stage). However, the large plant height does not have a positive effect on their agronomic value. Results of this study show that sunflowers were the highest in 1999 at all developmental stages, which resulted from more favourable weather conditions and soil type. The lowest final plant height was recorded when sunflowers were grown on brown-earth soil. This study confirms that increased sowing density caused a stronger elongation of shoots since the earliest developmental stages.
This paper presents the structure of developmental stages and the age structure of Convallaria majalis L. populations. The investigation material consisted of individuals and modules from populations in Betulo-Quercetum, Fago-Quercetum, Melico-Fagetum and Tilio-Carpinetum, in which the leaves and inflorescence of C. majalis were cut annually over a period of three years. Fifty percent of the C. majalis regional population consisted of mature modules, 20% of juvenile modules, 25% of senile modules and a very small percentage of generative modules. In populations of Fago-Quercetum there are four times more senile modules than juvenile modules, while in Melico-Fagetum the percentage of juvenile modules is four times more numerous than the percentage of senile modules. The average age of modules is 4.7±3.8 years. Three year old individuals dominate in the population, while 10 year or older individuals are very rare. In the population disturbed by the three raw material collections, the percentage of juvenile modules was decreased by 50% and the percentage of generative modules was nonexistent. As a result, the average module age is higher than in the undisturbed population. Cutting leaves and inflorescence is an important factor in limiting the recruitment of juvenile modules. The growth of individuals in the disturbed population occurs among older modules, which were able to reproduce before the disturbance occurred. Young individuals (three to four years old) are less numerous in the disturbed population, and the majority of individuals are three to six years old.
Studies on contents of phenolic compounds and diterpenes in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge root during the vegetation period were carried out. In Polish climate and soil condition, the tanshinone II A occurred as the dominant compound from diterpenes group. Obtained results show that the most profitable period for harvesting Salvia miltiorrhiza raw material is fructification stage. However, it is very difficult to decide on the accurate harvest date in this period. After all, taking into account various weather conditions, harvest of the Salvia mitiorrhiza Bunge should be done at the end of the vegetation period (in November).
The study was designed to determine the possible relationship between Brassica oleracea var. italica seedlings stored at 2°C in the dark for seven and fourteen days, respectively, and the level of certain antioxidant parameters in particular organs. A parallel objective of the experiment was to determine if the reaction of seedlings to low temperature might be persistent in fully developed plants until harvest time. After 14 days of chilling a significant increase in the glutathione content was observed in the seedling leaves in comparison to the non-chilled plants. During vegetation in field conditions this effect was maintained in leaves up to the stage of formation of flower buds. At harvest the highest content of glutathione was demonstrated in broccoli heads, obtained from plants, which were previously chilled in the seedling phase for two weeks. Peroxidase activity in broccoli seedlings increased each year of the three-year study due to the duration of the cooling time, whereas in the case of catalase the changes were not so distinct. At harvest time the activity of both enzymes in the leaves and flower buds fluctuated according to the particular year of study.
The length of the humerus was measured in 69 staged human embryos at developmental stages 18–23 (7 and 8 weeks). It was found that the length of the humerus increases from 2.0 mm at stage 18 to 5.4 mm at stage 23. There were slight variations at certain of the stages investigated. Asymmetry between limb lengths was not found during the embryonic period under examination.
Background. Achtheres percarum is an important copepod parasite (Crustacea: Copepoda) of European perch. Adult females permanently attach to the gill arches, roof of the mouth, tongue, and gill filaments. Attachment, at the latter site, may result in necrosis and epithelial hypertrophy, both compromising fish respiration during oxygen deficiencies. Adult males can move freely on gills of perch. To date there has been no published record of the complete set of developmental stages of this fish parasite. Provision of such may have practical implications for freshwater ichthyopathology, for example helping to monitor the dynamics of the parasite’s populations. It may also provide useful information regarding copepod phylogenetics. Materials and Methods. Early developmental stages (nauplius and copepodid) of A. percarum were acquired through incubation of eggs within egg sacs of females collected from European perch, Perca fluviatilis L., caught commercially in 1994 in Lake Dąbie, Szczecin, Poland. All subsequent larval stages were collected from gills of perch caught in the same lake, in 1990. All copepods were fixed and preserved in 75% ethanol. A modified "wooden slide" method was used to observe the collected developmental stages in a suspended drop of lactic acid, using a compound microscope. Specimens were stained in lignin pink and morphologic details of were drawn using a drawing tube. Results. The life cycle of A. percarum consists of 7 developmental stages, separated by moults (nauplius, copepodid, chalimus I, chalimus II, chalimus III, chalimus IV, and adult). The nauplius hatches from the egg and quickly moults into the copepodid. Both stages are free swimming and the copepodid is the infective stage, attaching to the host′s gill filaments, through the frontal filament. The subsequent chalimus stages (I through IV) "inherit" the copepodid′s frontal filament, modifying its proximal end, such that the structure of the proximal end of the frontal filament explicitly identifies the stage of a chalimus. Two adult males were found attaching, by means of claws of its maxillipeds, to the frontal filament, left over by previous stages. Conclusion. The number of developmental stages of A. percarum determined within the presently reported study is consistent with that hitherto found in the life cycles of other lernaeopodids.
The anatomical structure and the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins were investigated in the ovule of an energetic plant Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby after pollination. Material was collected from an experimental field of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Felin). After embedding for immunoflurescence, semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue or incubated with JIM 13 or MAC 207 monoclonal antibodies for immunolabeling of arabinogalactan proteins. The structure of the ovule showed some differences in comparison to other representatives of the Malvaceae family. Conversely, the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins did not differ significantly from their distribution in the ovules of other angiosperms at the investigated stage of development.
A description is given of the developmental stages of Rhacopus attenuatus (Ma- Eklin) from Poland. Five instars are recognized, and the first instar is of the triungulin ype. This is the first time triungulin has been found in the coleopterous family Eucnemidae. ГЬе structure of the male and female terminalia, and the bionomics are also provided.
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