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A survey of the capacity to endure desiccation was obtained for several Brazilian rock outcrop plants. Seedlings, leaves and entire plants were subjected to dehydration. After dehydration, survival was observed as the ability to recover growth, chlorophyll content and/or by the absence of leakage of leaft contents. A total of 30 species growing in rock outcroppings in southeastern Brazil showed some ability to undergo extreme dehydration. The species belong to the cryptogams Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Schizaeaceae and Selaginellaceae and to the angiosperms Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Velloziaceae. All cryptogams were homeochlorophyllous. Among the angiosperms Microchloa indica (Poaceae) was the only species with the capacity to retain chlorophyll content during dehydration. All species showed some evidence of desiccation tolerance similar to that previously reported for tolerant angiosperms in Africa. The data suggest that rock outcroppings from the southeastern and central regions of Brazil give support to typical vegetation in which a great number of species exhibit a desiccation-tolerant comportment.
The role of soluble sugars in desiccation tolerance was investigated in seeds of two species from the genus Acer: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) — tolerant and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) — intolerant to dehydration. During two years of observations it was found that seeds of Norway maple acquire desiccation tolerance at the end of August i.e. about 125 days after flowering (DAF). During seed development, the transition from intolerant to tolerant state in Norway maple seeds was accompanied by the accumulation in seed tissues of raffinose, stachyose and sucrose. The sucrose/raffinose ratio in Norway maple seeds was lower than in sycamore. In mature Norway maple seeds sucrose and raffinose contents were higher than in sycamore. It was concluded, that soluble sugars such as sucrose, raffinose and stachyose may play an important role in desiccation tolerance and/or intolerance of Norway maple and sycamore seeds. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to study the relationship between desiccation sensitivity and the state of water in seed tissues. The level of non-freezable water was the same in both analysed seed species, but the temperature of water crystallization during desiccation was lower in sycamore seeds.
Membrane phospholipid composition was investigated in seeds of two species from the genus Acer: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) — tolerant to desiccation, and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) — intolerant to desiccation, during their maturation, from 1 August to 25 September 1995, at weekly intervals. Seeds of Norway maple acquire tolerance to desiccation at the end of August ie. about 125 days after flowering (DAF). Phospholipid composition during development revealed marked differences between studied seeds. Seeds of Norway maple after acquiring tolerance to desiccation contained much more phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), compared to sycamore. The ratio of PC/PE in mature Norway maple seeds was evidently higher than those in sycamore. The level of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction substantially increased in Norway maple seeds during development and the saturation of PC and PE was less than in sycamore. The results suggest that phospholipid composition may be involved in desiccation tolerance of Norway maple seeds.
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