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The helium, apparent, and bulk densities were determined for ten types of starch. On the hasis of the results obtained, the porosity and volume of opened pores in starch granules and starch beds were calculated. The highest values for porosity and total volume of opened pores were characteristic of oat and tapioca starches, whereas triticale, rye and potato starches had these values the lowest. In the case of wheat and potato starches, the porosity of the closed type was shown.
The pattern of copulatory behaviour of Brandt's vole Microtus brandti (Radde, 1861) is similar to patterns 11 and 12 as described by Dewsbury and Dixson: no lock, single intromission, thrusting after intromission and multiple ejaculations. Under constant density, when the operational sex ratio (OSR, male to female) was skewed to the males, the mating opportunity of males decreased due to mating interference, while the mating input of female remained the same; when the OSR was skewed to the females, male voles tended to increase mating input while females did not. Under the same OSR (1:1), when density increased, the mating opportunity of both sexes dramati­cally decreased due to mating interference between same sex individuals; the thrusting frequency of males increased, probably due to compensation for the decreased mating opportunity. There was a considerable probability of the voles forming monogamous and polygynous mating relationships. Our results did not support the prediction that when OSR is skewed to male, the mating interval of males will shorten. We suggest that the most predominant mating system and mating interference should be taken into account when investigating an OSR effect. Our study suggested that the Brandt's vole is prone predominantly to monogamy and polygyny. However, due to limitation of observation in the laboratory, further work should be combined with studies in the field.
The structure (aggregations` distribution, density, age structure) of Luronium natans L. (Raf.) populations has been studied in 21 lakes in the Pomeranian Lakeland (NW Poland), where the highest population density of this species is found in slightly acid (pH 6–7) waters, poor in DOC (<6.0 mg C dm⁻³) and phosphorus (<30.0 µg TP dm⁻³). Luronium natans reproduces mainly vegetatively and prefers shallow (1–2 m), mineral-organic (5.1–10.0% C) substrates. Seedlings represent about 10% of a population. High levels of pH (pH>8.0), concentration of carbon (>6.0 mg C dm⁻³) and phosphorus (>30.0 µg TP dm⁻³) impede the population growth. Under such conditions population density may be lower by as much as 80–90%, aggregation size smaller, and the proportion of generative stems higher. Luronium natans aggregation size depends on the depth: the deeper the location – the larger and denser the aggregation, the shallower the location – the larger the fraction of generative individuals (up to 98% of the population).
The impact of supplemental food on a cyclic bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) population was studied at peak density. We provided high energy food (sunflower seeds) to a 3.15 ha live-trapping grid and used a 5.06 ha unfed grid as a control. Density of adult females and immatures increased 3-fold in response to the extra food. In contrast, density of adult mates did not change significantly. The rise in density of adult females, but not of adult mates, altered the functional sex ratio. Loss rate of fed adults remained the same as for controls, whereas immature loss rate was reduced by the extra food. Dispersal of immatures from the control into the food supplemented grid was higher than the reverse. Growth and body mass of fed immatures were lower than of controls. Reduced dispersal and increased immi­gration of immatures both contributed significantly to the overall rise in density when food was added.
Blood was collected from grazing lambs from lines of Romney sheep selected on the basis of low (resistant line) or high (susceptible line) faecal nematode egg count. Leucocytes were prepared by osmotic lysis of erythrocytes and then subjected to centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. Lambs from the resistant line had significantly more hypodense eosinophils than did lambs in the susceptible line.
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Some properties of mushrooms

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