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Keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus polymyxa B20 and B. cereus B5esz during cultures in medium with chicken feathers as a sole nutrient source, accumulated various amounts of sulfur compounds at different oxidation level, including thiols, thiosulfate, sulfite and sulfate. The main difference observed between the two tested strains was higher release of sulfate by the former and elevated concentration of thiols by the latter. Additionally, the activity of glutathione reductase, that could potentially play a role in keratinolysis was confirmed, mainly in the cell homogenate fraction, rather than extracellular. Keratinases in crude culture fluids exhibited activity towards soluble keratin preparation, as well as native feather keratin. Application of 2-mercaptoethanol and sulfite, agents that potentially could take part in keratin sulfitolysis, led to a conclusion that they could play a role in keratin degradation, other than activation of extracellular enzymes.
Degradation of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (ABS) in the Fenton reagent in the presence of Cl- ions has been studied. An anionic surfactant sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (C11-C14) has been selected as a model compound. The effect of individual components of the reactive system (H2 O2 , H2 O2 /Cl- , Fe2+/H2 O2 , Fe2+/H2 O2 /Cl- ) on the degree of ABS degradation has been determined. The degree of ABS degradation has been found to be affected by the presence of Cl- ions and the mutual molar ratios of individual components of the system studied. Moreover, it influences on the composition of the post-reaction mixture. The use of the Fenton reagent in the presence of Cl- ions resulted in the formation of chloroorganic compounds in the solution studied. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was identified in reaction products and its presence was confirmed using the HPLC - MS method and by HPLC with an internal standard. No chloroproducts were identified during degradation of ABS by the system H2 O2 /Cl- . When only H2 O2 was applied, the concentration of the surfactant was unchanged.
Polystyrene is considered stable to biological degradation. Lantinus tigrinus isolated from wood sample produced esterase in growth medium under normal conditions. However, acidic medium, 37°C temperature, presence of tween 80; and urea and yeast extract in mineral salt medium enhance the production of esterase and specific activity. Purified esterase was active at broad pH range and 45°C. FTIR analysis confirmed that esterase produced by Lantinus tigrinus effectively degraded polystyrene film and broke macromolecules down to non-toxic molecules. This study concludes that the presence of Lantinus tigrinus at dumping sites can be exploited for waste management containing high molecular weight synthetic polymers.
One of the main global ecological problems is contamination of the natural environment by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Polichlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a group of compounds that belongs to this family of pollutants. Poland, as a European Union member and signatory of international agreements concerning environmental protection, is obliged to regulate the law and intensify work on the control and utilization of biphenyl PCBs. Therefore, the occurence and determination of PCBs in the polish environment (rivers, lakes, sea water and sediments, living organisms and food chains), and the toxicity and degradation methods of these POP compounds is still important.
The bacterial degradation of phenol by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas putida was studied in a laboratory-scale stirred tank bioreactor. Several kinetic experiments were employed to obtain values of kinetic parameters by applying nonlinear regression methods to differential kinetic models and integrated experimental data. The extra sum of squares for statistical tests of reliability of proposed kinetic models was attached. The values of kinetic parameters based on the Haldane substrate inhibition model for both strains were: μmax=0.347 h-1, Ks=21.5 mg/1 and K1=707 mg/1 for Alcaligenes and μmax=1.988 h-1, Ks=15.92 mg/1 and K1=197.7 mg/1 for Pseudomonas. The measured yield coefficients YX/s were in agreement with values commonly published in literature (0.3-0.8). Degradation rates up to 0.5 g/(l- h) were obtained.
The influence of sulphur compounds in the atmosphere on the natural environment has been discussed. Today, production of sulphuric acid is not ecologically clean regardless of the employed technology. The year 1996 was decisive in the production of H2SO4 sulphuric acid as the modern method of non-reacted SOx sulphur compound evacuation was applied in the POLCHEM - Toruń Inorganic Chemical Plant.
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