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In an experiment with controlled freezing, strawberry plants were exposed to 0, −8, −12, −16 and −20°C at a freeze and thaw rate of 2 °C/hour in March/April 1996. Crowns from the cultivar ‘Korona’ were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing a gradual increase of signal intensity from the centre of the crowns, as a result of the temperature drop, which might be caused by lipids. The increase in signal intensity was in accordance with the tissue browning of crowns, which increased substantially when the temperature dropped below −12 °C. A similar reaction was shown in a field experiment comparing wintercovered and not wintercovered strawberry plants. The plants which had been exposed to temperatures between −10 and −16 °C were severely injured. This demonstrates that MRI has a potential as an objective method to determine freeze injury in the field, by «calibrating» the MRI instrument to freezing profiles in controlled experiments.
We studied the electric properties of phosphatidylcholine bilayers modified with crown ether (dibenzo[18] crown-6). The studies were carried out for various crown ether concentrations in forming solutions and various potassium ion concentrations in electrolyte solutions. The presence of crown ether in the membrane influences the membrane's impedance; there is a reduction in its resistivity, a decrease in its resistance of phase transfer and an increase in its capacity of phase transfer with an increase in crown ether concentration in the bilayer and in K+ ion concentration in the electrolyte solution.
This experimental study was conducted at the Fruit Research Institute, Cacak, Serbia, to determine bud break and callus formation dates, the degree of callus forma­tion, grafting success on day 20 after grafting and overall grafting success on day 28 after grafting in walnut (Juglans regia L.) under different treatments and bench graft­ing conditions in cultivar Seinovo (control) and the selections 'Ovcar', 'G-286', 'Elit' and 'G-139'. Three treatments were applied: Treatment 1 - covering the graft with sawdust up to the top of the scion without dipping the scion and graft union in paraf­fin; Treatment 2 - covering the graft with sawdust up to the top of the scion and dip­ping the scion and graft union in paraffin; and Treatment 3 - covering the graft with both sawdust, up to the top of the scion, and polyethylene foil, and dipping the scion and graft union in paraffin. The best results of the parameters tested were obtained in the treatment involving dipping the graft in paraffin and covering it with both saw­dust, up to the scion, and polyethylene foil. The treatment without the use of paraffin, involving only the covering with conifer sawdust up to the top of the scion yielded the poorest results.
The present study aimed at finding techniques alternative to chemical control, capable of reducing spider mite density. The experiment was carried out in 7 single-leader and 3 multi-leader training systems. The pest density was compared across the systems and between apple cultivars Elstar and Jonagold showing variable crown densities and trichome cover of leaves. The spider mite mobile stages were more abundant in singleleaders crowns, whereas more eggs were laid in multi-leader crowns. Nevertheless, the egg and the youngest stages survival was reduced in multi-leader crowns probably by the more intensive solar radiation reducing the air RH. The lowest pest abundance was found in the crowns of the V-Gćttingen system, and in the similar, stretched Tatura trellis 2-leader system. These types of crowns should be therefore recommended for integrated and organic apple production.
The paper contains results of using yellow pan traps (Moerick's traps) to study long horn beetle communities associated with pine crowns. 12 species have been recorded and divided into three seasonal groups. 9 species are biologically connected with scotch pine concerning their development. The connections of recorded anthophilous species with crown layer, even after pine flowering, have been indicated. The rare species Cortodera femorata and Acmaeops marginata are presented in detail.
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