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The effect of differentiated phosphorus-potassium fertilization on crop yields under simulated immission of sulphur and preventive liming was tested in a five-year pot experiment. The tests were carried out on two kinds of soil: brown (heavy loamy sand) and black earth (medium silty loam). An increased phosphorus-potassium fertilization applied under conditions of a considerable drop in the brown soil reaction brought about by sulphur immission, was found to attenuate depression in the crop yields. Now, at the prolonged sulphur application with a parallel treatment to maintain soil reaction at the level optimum for plants, interaction between sulphur doses and phosphorus-potassium fertilization was found positive. The above process began when the first negative symptoms of the sulphur impact on plants were noticed. In the case of brown soil, it took place in the second, and of black earth only in the last year of the experiment.
Six experiments were conducted for the enhancement in seed cotton yield by increasing water use efficiency and water savings in case of different planting methods of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop during the years 2014 & 2015, at three different locations in cotton zone of Punjab (Pakistan) province. The planting methods were, flat planting and no earthing up, flat planting and earthing up after 1st irrigation, flat planting and alternate row earthing after 1st irrigation, flat planting in 112.5/37.5 cm apart paired rows and earthing up after 1st irrigation, ridge planting and bed planting. Cotton crop obtained a maximum benefit from the available water at all three locations in case of flat planting with alternate row earthing up (P3) by predicting a maximum water use efficiency up to 6.79 kg ha-1 mm-1and maximum seed cotton yield of 3432.50 kg ha-1. Maximum water savings of 25.60% was recorded in the same method (P3) during the year 2014, while minimum (-0.17%) was observed in ridge planting (P5) at location number 1 in the same year.
The aim of this paper was to review 100 years of Polish studies on sulphur fertilisation and its effects on the growth and development of plants, the chemical composition and impact of sulphur compounds on the health of plants, and its fungicidal activity. In the reviewed studies sulphur deficiency generally delayed vegetative growth, caused the dying out of the growth cone, yellow discolouration of the generative and vegetative organs and delayed maturation. Observations of plants have demonstrated that sulphur is essential for normal photosynthetic functions. Plants suffering from a lack or shortage of sulphur had pale green or yellowish, narrow, short and small leaves, and a smaller than normal root system, which was associated with reduced chlorophyll synthesis. The availability of sulphur was found to enatil an improved uptake of nitrogen by plants, thus affecting their quality and optimising the N:S ratio. Fertilisation with sulphur increased the total content of sulphur and sulphates in plants. Findings from studies on the effect of sulphur on the content of macroelements in tested plants are inconclusive. Sulphur used in excess disturbed the ionic balance in plants and indirectly affected the intensity and level of uptake of other nutrients. The results of studies investigating the impact of sulphur on changes in the content of heavy metals were ambiguous and demonstrated either synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Generally, sulphur fertilisation increased the content of glucosinolates in plants and improved their nutritional value. Most studies also showed that sulphur fertilisation improved the disease resistance of plants. Some studies have also demonstrated an increased content of glucosinolates in plants fertilised with sulphur, which stimulated natural resistance to fungal infections.
In the period from 1995 to 1998, tests were carried out on some physical soil properties and crop yields in rotation to determine simplified tillage systems. The investigations included traditional tillage (TT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT). On the basis of the results obtained, it was found that in those years with precipitation and temperature distribution favourable to plant vegetation, the tillage simplifications MT and ZT did not bring about any decrease in maize or oat yields. The course of the weather having been unfavourable to the growth of plants (deficit of precipitation, severe winter), those plots tilled in the simplified way yielded about 20% less (winter wheat 1995/96 and 1997/98) than those under traditional cultivation. The superiority of the simplification of cultivation lay primarily, in the reduced labour required and in the organisational convenience of the running of the farms. Additionally, the simplifications applied to the tilling contributed to increased bulk density and the penetration resistance of the soil. As a consequence, water supplies deteriorated, particularly in periods with precipitation deficits. It could be argued that the simplifications analysed - when compared to traditional soil cultivation - intensified the negative effects resulting from the precipitation deficit.
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Снижение урожая культурных растений обусловлено многими факторами, м.пр. метеорологическими условиями, плодородием почвы и сиепенью засорения. Настоящий труд был проведен с целью доказания, что некоторые виды сорняков оказывают более сильное влияние на рост и урожаи определенных культур, чем другие виды. Сахарная свекла восприимчива к засорению марью белой (Chenopo- dium album L.) тогда как озимая пшеница наиболее сильно реагирует снижением урожая на подмаренник цепкий (Galium aparine L.). Исследования по влиянию числа растений мака полевого ( Papaver rhoeas L.) на рост и урожаи озимой пшеницы сорта Грана показали, что при массе сорняков составляющей 0,5 т на гектар урожай зерна начинает замегно снижаться. При массе мака 5-10 т на гектар снижение урожая достигает 32,8%. Точные исследования показали, что 10 растений этого сорняка на 1 м² слегка стимулировали урожай зерна, тогда как 20 растений оказывали уже неблагоприятное влияние.
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