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The time within which, accordingly to its application, machine works, and an object of work and working groups are under load, is the effective active time. The purpose of the research was the order statistics of effective active time of limbing and conversion at chainsaw use. The removed trees were moderately diversified from the point of view of effective active time of limbing and conversion. The negative skewness coefficient qualified the distribution of effective active time of limbing and conversion  as weak left-side asymmetry in variant 1 (the limbing included cutting of trees’ crowns and all branches). The positive skewness coefficient qualified the distribution of effective active time of limbing and conversion as weak right-side asymmetry in variant 2 (limbing included cutting of tree crowns and only thicker branches).
Three sites with both degraded alpine Kobresia meadow (DM) and adjacent mix-seeded perennial grasses pastures (MSP) in the headwater region of the Yellow River, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were selected to investigate plant and soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and their isotope composition. The SOC and TN in the top soil layer to a depth of 10 cm were significantly affected by ploughing and planting mix-seeded perennial grasses. The SOC content in 0–10 cm soil layer of MSPs was 25.6%, 5.5% and 12.9% lower than those of DMs at the I-III sites, respectively, and the rate of OC density loss was 23.8, 14.5 and 18.2%, respectively. The soil TN content in 0–10 cm soil layer of MSPs was 16.6%, 2.2% and 9.4% lower than those of the DMs at three sites, respectively, and the TN density was 15.6, 10.6 and 15.3% lower than those of DMs, respectively. The plant and soil ¹³C values (-27.03‰, -25.16‰, respectively) suggest that the vegetation of both DMs and MSPs are C₃ plant communities. The 15 N value in the soil (>4‰) was significantly greater than in plants (<2‰). No differences of either ¹³C or ¹⁵N abundance between MSPs and DMs at Site I and II, but were found at Site III, indicating that the effects were site specific. The rehabilitation of a degraded Kobresia meadow has a significant influence on the soil properties, SOC and TN. Caution should be taken in site selection before performing conversion.
This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis from leaves of two strawberry cultivars (Selva and Comarosa) cultured on MS medium containing picloram. Maximum embryogenesis was induced using 2 mg/l picloram. Globular stage embryos developed into cotyledonary ones after transfer to hormone-free media containing 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (w/v) sucrose. Increasing sucrose concentrations in culture media enhanced somatic embryo development. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were converted to plantlets after transfer on MS medium containing GA3, and maximum conversion was achieved with 1 mg/l and 2 mg/l GA3. Plantlets were capable of continuous growth under greenhouse conditions.
The study shows a high dynamics approximately five-year-old natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) growing on the research plot located in the fertile mountain habitat in the middle of the lower montane forest zone in the Silesian Beskid Mountains (Beskid Śląski) compared to its co-occurring species. The dynamics is expressed as a significant annual increment in height and diameter of birch trees, leading in consequence to the appearance of an older sapling phase for most regenerations of this species. This creates the possibility of early undercanopy planting of tree species adjusted to the site conditions, mainly silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).
Angiotensin (Ang) (1-9) is the renin-angiotensin-system peptide found in the plasma of healthy volunteers and after angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors therapy. In vitro experiments proved that Ang-(1-9) may be produced from Ang I. In our study, we tried to expand the poor data about the in vivo properties of Ang-(1-9). We revealed that Ang-(1-9) enhanced electrically stimulated arterial thrombosis in the carotid artery of Wistar rats. Losartan, a selective blocker of AT1 receptor for Ang II, abolished the prothrombotic activity of Ang-(1-9). This peptide increased plasma level of fibrinogen, augments fibrin generation, and similarly to Ang II, potentiated collagen induced platelet aggregation. Using HPLC, we found that after incubation of Ang-(1-9) with platelet homogenates or after intravenous administration this peptide is converted to Ang II. We concluded that Ang-(1-9) exerts an Ang II-like prothrombotic effect due to the conversion to Ang II in the circulatory system of rats and that platelets are involved in this process.
Starch liquefaction without significant increase in dextrose value was attempted. Potato, corn and pea high amylose starches were digested with thermostable alpha-amylase. Different reaction conditions (starch concentration, enzyme dosage, time reaction) were used in hydrolyses into DE < 10. Chemical and physical properties of obtained hydrolysates such as carbohydrate composition, iodine absorbance value, turbidity measurement, viscosity, gelling ability, swelling power were recognised. Comparison of properties of hydrolysates of similar DE indicated that the potato hydrolysates distinguish in the highest solubility and the lowest iodine absorbance. The high-amylose corn hydrolysates were characterised with the following properties: the highest swelling power,and gelling ability. Pea hydrolysates had the highest viscosity.
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