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Development of organic farming in Poland

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The main aim of the article is to characterize development of organic farming in Poland in 2004–2014. The research refers to aspects such as the number and structure of organic producers, the structure of ecological land and organization, and the productivity and profi tability of organic farms in comparison to conventional farms. The research shows that since the accession of Poland into the EU, the domestic organic farming sector has developed dynamically. The number of organic producers increased sevenfold in 2004–2014 and the observed changes were caused by an increase in both the number of ecological farms and organic food processing enterprises. Organic and conventional farms clearly differ in terms of organization, productivity and profi tability. Conventional farms experienced higher rates of productivity, land profi tability, and work profitability. Furthermore, the financial situation of organic farms was vastly determined by state subsidies, which constituted almost 80% of income accrued from agricultural production.
Subject and purpose of work: Monitoring of biological diversity within the areas of natural value is targeted at assessment of the impact of the applied agricultural practices on the natural environment. The aim of the research was to compare species diversity and abundance of segmental plants occurring in winter cereals grown in the selected ecological farms and conventional farms in the Lubelskie voivodeship. Materials and methods: Monitoring research were conducted between 2012-2014 in 28 farms (14 ecological and 14 traditional) on fields with cereal crops. Species composition and volume of habitats of weeds was defined as well as diversity indicators of Shannon-Wienner and Simpson were indicated. Results and conclusions: Research indicated that diversity of segmental flora which accompanies cereal was larger in ecological farms than in the traditional ones. The total of 149 species of weeks were marked; 107 taxa were common for both farming systems, 26 were characteristic for ecological system while 16 for the traditional farming. It was noted that the significantly larger number of species present in the field and the volume of weed per area unit was present in ecological farming. Both within the traditional farming system and the ecological one more monocotyledons than dicotyledonous species were found. The assessment of flora diversity via Shannon-Weinner and Simpson indicators indicated larger species diversity in fields of arable crops in ecological system than the conventional one, however, no significant dominance of one or more species of weeds was noted in case of either of the systems.
The content of dry matter was statistically significantly higher in ecological potatoes (ECO). The difference was 1.3 g/100 g fresh mass. The content of nitrates in ECO tubers was 266.6 mg KNO3/kg fresh mass on average, being significantly lower in conventional (CONV) tubers, in which it was 838.7 mg KNO/kg fresh mass. The content of NaNO2 was higher in CONV potatoes, but the difference between CONV and ECO tubers was statistically insignificant. The Cd content in ECO potatoes was 0.162 mg/kg fresh mass, being significantly lower than in CONV potatoes, where it was 0.292 mg/kg fresh mass. The content of Pb in both types of potatoes was similar and comparable with the results reported by other authors for the agricultural areas. The vitamin C content in ECO and CONV potatoes was low and similar. The results indicated that most of examined health-quality factors were better for ECO potatoes.
Zbadano zawartość azotanów i azotynów w 3 odmianach ziemniaków (sokół; bryza, ania) uprawianych w gospodarstwach ekologicznych, atestowanych przez EKOLAND i gospodarstwach konwencjonalnych. Obserwowano niższe zawartości azotanów w ziemniakach z gospodarstw ekologicznych.
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