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17 samples of common sorrel were collected from natural sites in the Małopolska region. The content of selected heavy metals (zinc, copper, manganese, iron, chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium) were determined in individual plant organs. The greatest diversification occurred for cadmium, manganese and zinc; the smallest differences were noted for copper. Correlation coefficients between total soil heavy metal concentrations and their content in sorrel were generally low and very low; only the coefficients for cadmium and lead may be considered as high and very high. Allowable lead content was exceeded in all samples of sorrel leaves, whereas cadmium concentrations were in about 90% of the samples. Sorrel roots most strongly accumulated the metals, whereas the smallest content was found in the stems.
Nanotechnology applications in the food industry, including food contact materials, offer many potential benefits for consumers and manufacturers alike. The article discusses the migration of nanoparticles from food contact materials and the possible health risks associated with in the context of insufficient knowledge of the potential exposure to nanomaterial. The importance of gaps in the general knowledge on the behaviour and biological interactions of nanomaterials in biological systems becomes crucial for risk assessment. The article also discussed numerous doubts concerning the measurements of biological reactions in animal tests and the need for new approaches in the interpretation of data from nanoparticles studies in vivo. The article underlines the need to develop predictive and validated toxicological tests that can be used to screen for potential hazards, and also to develop new methodology for measuring nanoparticles in biological matrices to assess human exposure. Further studies should focus on understanding the mechanisms of action. Nanoparticles exhibit chemical and physical properties that significantly differ from those substances at a large size. Different properties of nanoparticles may lead to different toxicological properties. From that reason nanoparticles, in each case, are individually assessed by the European Food Standard Agency (EFSA) in terms of health risk before the European Commission authorizes them to be used in food contact materials.
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