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The object of the research was to analyze the quality of glued elements in endurance tests. The pine wood used in the research originated from the vicinity of Sulechów. In the research the physical properties of the wood, such as density and humidity were analyzed. Within the framework of the research the endurance of laboratory samples was also tested. The research was conducted on laboratory samples. The results of the study are presented on illustrations and in tables.
The scope of the article was to determine quality ratios based on the selected largesize and laboratory samples of coniferous pinewood obtained from the central part of Poland (Wieruszowski District), in order to evaluate the usefulness of those elements for wooden constructions. Physical and mechanical parameters have been determined which facilitated defining quality and endurance ratios of semi-finished products.
Properties of grain and starch from varieties of wheat with different technological quality were measured. It appeared that besides the well known wheat properties such as high gluten content and medium enzymatic activity, the content of soluble carbohydrates is also important from the baking point of view. Moreover, medium solubility, not too low phosphorus content and high molecular mass of starch (isolated from wheat varieties) are essential to good quality of wheat.
Hydrodistilled essential oil from flower heads of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench cultivated in Slovakia was analyzed by GC/MS method. Seventy-two components were identified and determined. As a result of studying the content and composition of the essential oil ob­tained from flower heads of E. purpurea it was established that the content of the essential oil was 1.85% (vAv) of the weight of dry material. The main components in the studied samples were palmitic acid, a-pinene, germacrene-D, ß-pinene, and a-phelandrene. The main components of the analyzed oil were palmitic acid (8.3%), nerolidol (6.6%), a-pinene (5.1%), germacrene-D (4.8%), a-phelandrene (4.3%), and ß-pinene (4.1%).
Several sea and laboratory experiments have been carried out to detect and determine the fluorescence characteristics of seawater and its natural fluorescing components and to analyse the influence of oil in the surface water layer on the lidar-induced return signal. The aim of the laboratory investigations was to create a database of different natural water types and of water polluted with Petrobaltic oil. During the r/v ‘Oceania’ cruise in the southern Baltic Sea two lidar methods were applied simultaneously to detect and analyse the influence of the fluorescence emission of oil on the fluorescence spectrum of seawater. Detection of oil pollution can be used to correct the fluorescent factors of fluorescing components on the basis of natural seawater fluorescence spectra.
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This paper describes the antioxidant capacity of cruciferous sprouts and its components in the course of germination under light conditions. The content of soluble proteins (SP), reduced glutathione (GSH), L-ascorbic acid (AH2), tocopherols (a-T, b-T, g-T, d-T) and total phenolic compounds (TPC), and finally Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the seeds and sprouts were determined in this respect. The results obtained were used for calculating the contribution of these compounds to total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of seeds and sprouts. The TAC of the samples was calculated as the sum of TEAC obtained by ABTS test (formed by TPC and AH2 presence) plus sum of the antioxidant capacities provided by tocopherols, soluble proteins and GSH. The percentage contribution of TPC was corrected by the content of AH2 due to the overestimated TPC values determined by Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent, and a simple correction method is shown. Both corrected TPC and AH2 contribution was above 99%, 83% and 59% in radish, small radish and rapeseeds and about 97%, 73% and 71% in 5-day sprouts, respectively. The contribution of SP, GSH and T (a-T, b-T, g-T, d-T) in forming the antioxidant screen of the seeds and sprouts was of a minor importance since it did not exceed 6% in the seeds and approximately 2% in the sprouts collected after the fourth day of germination. This study indicates TPC and AH2 to be the most important antioxidants in cruciferous sprouts.
Celem pracy jest analiza wielkości składników bilansu wodnego w odwadnianych dolinach rzek mikrozlewni różnorodnych siedlisk. W studium wykorzystano wyniki badań i obserwacji terenowych z lat 2010–2012. Badania przeprowadzone w dwóch małych zlewniach nizinnych wykazują znaczący wpływ warunków meteorologicznych, a także siedliska na wskaźnik odpływu, zmian retencji w analizowanych latach hydrologicznych. Zlewnia rowu K-2 znajduje się w dorzeczu Piwonii, a rowu Z-6 w dorzecza Bystrzycy. Najwyższe wartości odpływu odnotowano w pierwszej połowie roku 2009/10 i wynikały one z intensywnych opadów deszczu. Były prawie trzy razy wyższy niż w przeciętnym roku 2011/12. Równowaga bilansu wynika głownie z płaskiego ukształtowania terenu utrudniającego odpływ wody oraz ograniczonej chłonności podłoża, które szczególnie w okresie wiosennych nadmiarów nie może zmagazynować dużej ilości wody. Obserwowana zlewnia rowu Z-6 wykazuje znacznie wyższe zmiany niż zlewnia rowu K-2, ze względu na różną pokrywę glebową i użytkowanie terenu. Badania potwierdziły dominującą rolę parowania powierzchni w bilansie wodnym. Dowodem na to są niższe odpływy w pierwszej połowie roku w porównaniu do pierwszej połowy zimy oraz spadku retencji.
The evolution of organisms leads to the elimination of behaviors that are costly in terms of energy. One of such behaviors in the Tree Sparrow Passer montanus is the autumn display during which these birds construct nests. The purpose of this paper is to find out if this behavior is a part of the strategy for winter survival.The study of Tree Sparrows was conducted near Warsaw, Central Poland. During the breeding season, nest boxes were checked to record the presence of Tree Sparrow nests. Before the autumn display, breeding nests were dyed in order to identify nest material added in the period of autumn display. Nestlings in nest boxes, juveniles, and adults captured in mist-nets were banded with different combinations of color bands to identify their age during visual observations in the period of autumn sexual display. Juveniles and adults caught in mist-nets were classified as molted or not molted birds. In winter, nest boxes were checked to catch the birds roosting in them at night. Autumnal sexual display in Tree Sparrows is similar to the spring display. Both adults and juveniles leave the breeding colony in August and return after molt. They form pairs, copulate and build nests in fall. The autumn display is continued from the first ten days of September to early November. The number of Tree Sparrows participating in the autumn display increases with the percentage of the birds that completed molt in the population. In the first half of September, 16% of the population completed molt, while 99% in mid-October. On the average, adult birds formed pairs on 11 September (SD: 7.7 days), and juveniles on 17 September (SD: 8.0 days). Nest construction was started, on the average, 14.2±8.7 days after pairing. The advance in nest building was dependent on the time of pair formation. Intensive nest building took place in the last 10-days period of September and in October. Early in November, nest building ceased with the onset of cool weather. The last birds to pair did not construct complete autumn nests and in winter they roosted in shrubs or in tree crowns . The building of autumn nest as a consequence of the autumn display, serving as a roosting place in winter, can be a consequence of natural selection promoting this behaviour.
In 2003 and 2004 the volume of 'Jonagold' and 'Gala Must' (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple fruitlets and their concentrations of starch, amylose and amylopectin were assessed at two -week intervals. The investigations started in the 7th or 8th week after full bloom (WFB) and continued until harvest. 'Gala Must' apples contained, on average, about 40% more starch than 'Jonagold' apples. The dominant starch form was amylopectin; its maximum content was 68% in 'Jonagold' and 63% in 'Gala Must' apples. The dynamics of the changes of the starch content and its components, in growing and maturing apples, revealed considerable differences in both years of the experiment. In 2003, the highest starch accumulation occurred in the 7th WFB for both apple cultivars, whereas in 2004, fruits of 'Jonagold' showed the highest starch accu­mulation in the 14th week, and those of 'Gala Must' in the 12th week. At this stage, apple fruit volume was 2.5 times smaller in 2003 than in 2004. It seems that higher than average temperatures at that time were the main factor determining considerable enhancing of starch accumulation in apple fruitlets in 2003. In both years, the period of starch breakdown in 'Jonagold' apples was two weeks shorter than in 'Gala Must' apples.
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