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The article presents the diversification of agriculture efficiency of Chinese provinces in 2013 based on the Data Envelopment Analysis method. The model features the following variables: 1 effect (value of purchased agricultural products) and 5 inputs (area of agricultural land, number of people employed in agriculture, use of fertilizers, number of tractors, livestock). This article presents the use of input-oriented CCR and BCC model, to determine overall technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of agriculture in Chinese provinces. The analysis gives the possibility of creating a ranking of provinces. The highest agriculture efficiency during the period was achieved by 7 provinces (in CCR model) and 16 provinces (in BCC model). The results point out reasons for inefficiency and provide directions of improvement for inefficient Decision Making Units.
Disturbances of mineral metabolism are one of the many complications observed in patients with renal failure. Fluids used in dialysotherapy may introduce elements to a patient’s body. On the other hand, some trace elements may be removed. Dialysis fluids contain chlorides of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), but they may also be contaminated by toxic metals. In the first part of our work the amounts of Mg, Ca, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) were determined in samples of hemodialysis fluids just before and after a dialyzer. The concentration of copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) were measured by the atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) in a graphite furnace (GFAAS) in the same dialysates. The average concentration of Cu in dialysis fluids before and after dialyzer was 13.51 and 10.51 μg L-1 respectively, Al – 8.72 and 7.88 μg L-1, Pb – 24.03 and 22.81 μg L-1, Cd – 1.09 and 1.07 μg L-1, Cr – 5.91 and 6.28 μg L-1. Except for Cr (p < 0.05), the comparison of concentrations of all the measured elements before and after haemodialysis did not show any significant differences. Positive significant correlations between the element concentration before and after a dialyzer were found for Al (r = 0.33030 and Cd (r = 0.7496). In the samples of dialysis fluids of patients who had been dialyzed for less than one year, a negative balance of elements was found, except Pb. The balance was positive in patients who had been dialyzed for more than a year. Our findings also show statistically significant negative correlation between duration of dialysis treatments and Al concentration. Statistically, the examined dialysis fluids seem to be safe for dialyzed patients. However, individual data show that it is important to control elemental levels in dialyzates used for many years to prevent some complications in these patients.
In the current time of human inactivity running becomes an ideal compensatory means, which acts as prevention against civilization diseases that are is some way affected by the lack of physi-cal activity. In addition to the beneficial physical effect of running on the human body, we can ob-serve a positive impact on psychological indicators as well. Marathon race represents one of the most challenging athletic disciplines in the physiological and psychological terms. In a positive way, it af-fects cardiovascular, musculoskeletal systems and can act as a stress relieving mediator [5]. We may argue that the dominant motivation of the majority of the marathon runners is comple-tion of the race, for which participant must be systematically trained. Seeing that, marathon races become more and more popular every year and they grow both in quality and quantity [5].Every year, there are many marathons races organized in the world. Their participants are doing well and overcoming themselves. In our paper we analyze the two oldest marathon races in the world in particular, the Boston Marathon in the US and the International Peace Marathon in Kosice. As a method for examining individual events, we have select comparison and SWOT analysis. The history of Boston and Košice marathons creates an important marketing element, that is used to form valuable incentive for promoting the event. While the Boston marathon is considered the oldest marathon in the world, the Košice marathon is the oldest marathon on the European continent and the third oldest in the world. Our analysis shows that both marathons are in a favorable position. An offensive marketing strategy suggests the predominance of strengths over weaknesses and opportunities over threats. From the profile of the cultural point of view and the time of the year, the Kosice Mara-thon is more attractive and acceptable for some participants than the Boston marathon, where the runners experience much more difficult course. Nevertheless, based on strengths, both events are able to use their opportunities, which predisposes them to consolidate and improve their position in the everlasting competition of international marathons.
The aim of this paper is to assess the level of economic development and foreign relations of the countries forming the economic group Mercosur. Numerous economic indicators are used for the purpose of research and international comparisons. Most important are gross domestic product (GDP), national income, unemployment rate, inflation rate, foreign trade’s and investments’ share in GDP. Other measures, which are based on GDP, may be used for economic growth assessment. These are for example economy internationalization, activity level, openness and dependence and international competitiveness. After a brief introduction to the subject, the manner of calculating the indicators that are used for such an assessment more rarely is described. Then the indicators calculated for the current Mercosur member states are analysed.
In recent years extensive attention has been given to the Rubus genus, but knowledge on the ecology of most of its species, including rhythmic development, is still insuffi cient. Such data may have practical applications, since blackberry species are economically important. The goal of the study was to analyse phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems in 10 Rubus species of different systematic affi nity (belonging to two subspecies and three sections), growing in the Dendrological Garden of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. Some habitat factors were also taken into consideration. Field investigations were carried out for three growing seasons. The plants were evaluated for phenology twice a week, while the length of their stems was measured once a week. Diff erences were observed in the seasonal rhythm of individual species. Weather factors distinctly infl uenced the course of development phases in all the Rubus species. Drought during the growing season caused fl owering disorders, withering of fruit, earlier autumn leaf coloration, and fall of leaves. Rubus idaeus and R. fabrimontanus ripened all of their fruits each year of observations and seemed to be the most adapted for fruit production. Rubus fabrimontanus, R. kuleszae and R. praecox were the most vigorous species with reference to shoot growth. This study revealed that only some species were fully acclimated to the conditions of the Dendrological Garden, since they successfully completed their entire fl owering and fruiting cycles.
Comparison between deformation modulus of rock mass measured by plate jacking and dilatometer tests. For determination of the in-situ deformation modulus of rock mass at Bakhtiari Dam site, located in south-west of Iran, plate jacking tests (PJT) and dilatometer tests (DLT) carried out during the geotechnical investigations. In this study, the results of PJTs and DLTs were compared. This comparison involves 89 vertical and horizontal PJTs and 83 DLTs carried out in 6 rock units of Sarvak formation. Although, both PJTs and DLTs in the Bakhtiari Dam site were performed in same geological and geotechnical conditions, but there are not sufficient side by side data to make a paired two samples correlation. Therefore, the mean of in-situ data was compared at each rock unit. Besides Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to compare in-situ test results. The comparison shows that the deformation modulus measured by both methods has no significant differences. However, in low quality rock masses the moduli measured by the use of DLTs were greater than the modulus measured by PJTs. Conversely, in high quality rock masses the results of PJTs were greater than DLT’s.
In contemporary sport the results of objective studies make the ground for effective training and are the proper way to success. Since the study results have been appearing of the women’s play, concerning analysis of the structure and effectiveness of the match activities, there is a need for comparisons between the female and male play. The material for the study comprised all 15 matches played in the 6th Women European Championship, England 2005, and 27 matches played during the men world championship, Korea and Japan 2002. The study method was the systematic external and categorized observation conducted with the help of own study tool - the observation forms. Statistical analysis of the study results was done using the Statistica software. The assessment was used of the differences between the mean values of the passes and shots accuracy coefficients, and of their technical elements. In the analysis, the diversification has been found regarding the structure of game at the main technical elements like passes and shots, between the female and male teams. Significant diversifications concerned the passes accuracy in association with most of the analysed technical elements.
Background. This paper evaluated Legionella spp. water system contamination in the public facilities. Material and methods. Samples of warm water from the inner water supply system of 41 facilities in years 2009-2013 and 46 facilities in years 2014-2016 were collected for analyses. The facilities included school dormitories, boarding houses, school-education centers, halls of residence, nursery schools, kindergartens, and correctional institutions. Results. The results of research carried out on tap water in public facilities in 2014-2016 showed that in comparison to 2009-2013 the percentage of facilities from group I increased. In group III facilities a decreasing tendency was observed in comparison to research carried out in 2009-2013. Conclusions. The results indicate that it cannot be explicitly ascertained that the eradication methods of L. pneumophila from tap water systems of the analyzed facilities within the studied period were sufficient. Epidemiological analyses of this type should be successively and systematically continued and based of the largest possible number of facilities.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the cucumber (C. sativus L. var. Borszczagowski) chloroplast genome has been determined. The genome is composed of 155,293 bp containing a pair of inverted repeats of 25,191 bp, which are separated by two single-copy regions, a small 18,222-bp one and a large 86,688-bp one. The chloroplast genome of cucumber contains 130 known genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes (4 rRNA species), and 37 tRNA genes (30 tRNA species), with 18 of them located in the inverted repeat region. Of these genes, 16 contain one intron, and two genes and one ycf contain 2 introns. Twenty-one small inversions that form stem-loop structures, ranging from 18 to 49 bp, have been identified. Eight of them show similarity to those of other species, while eight seem to be cucumber specific. Detailed comparisons of ycf2 and ycf15, and the overall structure to other chloroplast genomes were performed.
The paper presents a comparative analysis of wood calorific value of grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.), originating from four stands of the southern Poland. The research material were the samples, collected from the trunks of 30 trees in each stand. The samples were divided into sections, each containing five annual increments. Then each section was measured: annual ring width and the relative wood density, which was converted to dry wood density, taking the total volumetric shrinkage of 11%. It was assumed that the calorific value of 1 kg dry wood of grand fir is 20.15 MJ. On the basis on the analysis it was found that the average calorific value of 1 m3 of grand fir wood was 8021 MJ. It was shown, that a significantly higher calorific value was obtained by the combustion of 1 m3 wood of giant fir trees, growing on the poorer soil in comparison to the more fertile soils. Statistical analysis also showed that with increasing age of the trees the calorific value of 1 m3 grand fir wood increases significantly.
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