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The identification system of horses used in Poland is based on the old classification of coat colours which does not include all colours based on colour inheritance patterns. As a result, some colours are incorrectly described. In order to evaluate the scale of the problem, the accuracy of colour identification was assessed by verifying 5779 pedigrees of horses of three different breeds. The verification was performed based on the colour inheritance patterns using a classification of discrepancies. Such discrepancies were detected in 26 cases and related mainly to diluted colours and black. The problem, however, should not be neglected. The number of incorrectly described horses is probably higher, since not all discrepancies can be detected based only on breeding records. The study demonstrated that some errors could be avoided by updating the classification of coat colours. However, a complete elimination of errors is impossible without genetic testing.
Main genes determining white coat colour in Arctic foxes are: recessive gene d and incompletely dominant, autosomal gene S with lethal effect in homozygous condition. The white coat colour of Arctic foxes bred on Polish farms had been determined solely by the recessive gene until the 1970s, when the Shadow variety was imported from Norway. The genetic code of the two varieties was different, but this fact was not taken into account. The results obtained in the present study do not confirm the theories on the heredity of white coat colour of Arctic foxes. The authors of these theories assumed that the coat colour depends on the presence of a recessive gene, the only factor responsible for the white furcoat. Apart from Polar and Shadow white foxes, there is a wide variety of darker white animals, and this fact suggests that there is a number of cumulative genes responsible for the intensity of coat pigmentation.
The phenotype in 19 tobiano–leopard ponies has been described. The tobiano pattern has been identified in them according to the arrangement of white and dark areas, sharp and smooth edges of the areas, rather big white markings on heads, white legs or large markings on the legs and sometimes wall eyes. The leopard–spotted pattern has been recognised thanks to the dark leopard spots of the base colour or darker, the roaned or frosted areas emerging from white patches or occupying the whole dark patches, jagged patch edges, fragments of mottled skin, eyes with visible sclera and striped hooves. Sometimes, only the visible sclera or a blurred part of the patch edge has indicated the presence of the leopard–spotted pattern.
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Inheritance of colours in horses

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The inheritance of colour in horses had been investigated for many years but since Adalsteinsson’s findings on basic and diluted colours, made in the seventies, opinions have changed considerably. Many authors supported this hypothesis by detailed breeding and laboratory experiences. This article contains a review of the most important publications concerning the mode of inheritance of all known horse colours. Some of the papers were published long ago but are still valid. The role of different loci determining horse colour is discussed in relation to other mammals and to the current knowledge on melanogenesis. The paper presents references for 14 loci responsible for horse coat colour.
While melanistic genets (Genetta spp.) are well known in a few species of the genus, albino specimens have not been described to date. Here, we report on the presence of unusual albino and melanistic common genets (Genetta genetta) in Spain, discussing their frequency of occurrence in the wild. Melanistic and albino common genets are not known in the original African range of the species, thus phenotypical variability in coat colour appears to be greater in Europe, its introduced range. Natural (e.g. a reduced risk of predation in Europe) and/or artificial (e.g. captive-rearing of the species) selection could explain this fact, but more research on the topic is needed.
Blue dun colour with no white markings represents a trait of the Polish Konik horse breed. However, in spite of long-term selection, non-blue-dun individuals, and those with the markings have still been appearing. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure of the Polish Konik population with respect to coat colour and, on this basis, to propose improved methods of selection. The material comprised Polish Konik horses registered in all eight volumes of the studbook published so far.
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