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The metamorphosis from land cover to land use for urban, industrial, and other socio-economic developments in Kuwait has remarkably evolved the “coastal morphological landscape (CML)” such that the impact has decreased carrying capacity. Information on carrying capacity is vital for decision makers to take immediate steps in preserving the coast. Mitigation and control measures are essentially required to lower human interference and to increase carrying capacity. It is noted that among 12 existing anthropogenic activities commanding the impact on carrying capacity of CML, only 3 were positive, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term; whereas others were negative, significant, irreversible, direct and indirect, and long term. It was found that all 12 categories of ongoing and future projects would have negative impacts ranging from high (severe) to very high (chronic) levels on carrying capacity of CML, evaluated as significant, irreversible, direct and indirect and long term. The study lists preventive measures that can reduce negative impact to achieve considerable levels of sustainability.
From a data set of observations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration, Turbidity in Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) and fluorescence-derived chlorophyll-a at a mooring station in Liverpool Bay, in the Irish Sea, we investigate the seasonal variation of the SPM: Turbidity ratio. This ratio changes from a value of around 1 in winter (minimum in January— February) to 2 in summer (maximum in May—June). This seasonal change can be understood in terms of the cycle of turbulence and of the phytoplankton population that affects the nature, shape and size of the particles responsible for the Turbidity. The data suggest a direct effect of phytoplankton on the SPM:Turbidity ratio during the spring bloom occurring in April and May and a delayed effect, likely due to aggregation of particles, in July and August. Based on the hypothesis that only SPM concentration varies, but not the mass-specific backscattering coefficient of particles bbp *, semi-analytical algorithms aiming at retrieving SPM from satellite radiance ignore the seasonal variability of bbp * which is likely to be inversely correlated to the SPM:Turbidity ratio. A simple sinusoidal modulation of the relationship between Turbidity and SPM with time helps to correct this effect at the location of the mooring. Without applying a seasonal modulation to bbp *, there is an underestimation of SPM in summer by the Ifremer semi-analytical algorithm (Gohin et al., 2015) we tested. SPM derived from this algorithm, as expected from any semi-analytical algorithm, appears to be more related to in situ Turbidity than to in situ SPM throughout the year.
Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and bio-diverse wetland environments on earth. Yet these unique coastal tropical forest environments are among the most threatened habitats in the world. Some key progress points in mangrove conservation, restoration, and research in Malaysia are highlighted. Based on an intensive literature review, the ecology and ecological management, distribution and areas of existing mangroves in the world and Malaysia, issues associated with mangrove conservation and restoration are discussed. Growing in the intertidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. Important for the flora and fauna is the opportunity to continue living in a sustainable environment and in suitable conditions. A potential stand is the place that obtains the possibility of germination and establishment of a plant species according to their physical, chemical, and biological demands. In many cases it is seen that because of unsuitable selection of site and species, afforestation and reforestation projects are forced to fail after spending time, cost, and labor. The population boom and rapid economic developments have greatly reduced mangrove areas in Malaysia despite the Malaysian government launching a series of programs to protect mangroves in the 1980s and establishing mangrove ecosystems as high-priority areas for improving environmental and living resource management. The issues, threats, and significant values of mangroves also were highlighted. A more systematic protection strategy using ecological engineering management-based, active restoration and rehabilitation measurements still are urgently needed in order to preserve these valuable resources in Malaysia.
A substantial part of the energy of wake waves from high-speed ships sailing in shallow water is concentrated in nonlinear components which at times have a solitonic nature. Recent results of investigations into solitonic wave interactions within the framework of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and their implications for rogue wave theory are reviewed. A surface elevation four times as high as the counterparts occurs if the properties of the interacting waves are specifically balanced. The slope of the water surface may increase eightfold. The resulting structure may persist for a long time. Nonlinear wake components may exert a considerable influence on the marine ecosystem in coastal areas.
New or so far poorly known neoselachians from the Cenomanian and Turonian of SW France are described. The material studied herein comes from nine localities in the Charentes region, comprising palaeoenvironments ranging from coastal to open marine environments, and consists of two orectolobiforms, six lamniforms, and four rajiforms. The new taxa are Squalicorax coquandi sp. nov. and Roulletia bureaui gen. et sp. nov. within lamniforms, and Hamrabatis bernardezi sp. nov., Archingeayia sistaci gen. et sp. nov., and Engolismaia couillardi gen. et sp. nov. within rajiforms. New specimens of Odontaspis rochebrunei Sauvage, 1880 from the type area allow redescription of this taxon, assigned herein to the genus Cenocarcharias. Occurrences of Squalicorax baharijensis, S. cf. intermedius, and Archaeolamna sp., previously unrecorded from this region, and Almascyllium, a genus generally described from younger strata, are also noted, and improve knowledge of mid−Cretaceous selachian faunas from Western Europe.
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