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The present state of North Sea research was assessed and examined at an International Symposium in Hamburg. Specific attention was devoted to the issues of external forcing, internal dynamics, and new methods and experiments. In the concluding discussion Grand Challenges for North Sea research were formulated.
The need to improve project delivery process is one of the leading advocacies of relevant construction industry reports. Improved process is sine qua non for improve performance. Critical to the improvement process, is the need to assess construction process’ capability to meet design and production requirements. The present study examined process mapping of a cable-stayed bridge in the Nigeria’s east-west coastal highway project. Qualitative data was collected through a three phase process mapping protocol using mainly self-generate, one-on-one interview and focus group. Twenty non-related sub-processes were identified from four pre-construction stages: investigation; feasibility; design; and tender. Integrative definition (IDEFO) and Unified Language Modelling (UML) are used to map the feasibility, design and the design sub-processes. The mapping indicates the design sequence is iterative and factually flexible until such a point where functional design satisfies appropriate forcing test. The study provides medium for communicating complex construction functions thereby facilitating common understanding in the way projects are delivered with appropriate information about inputs, output and resources.
The paper reports the results of lidar measurements performed in the lower troposphere during several measurement sessions in Athens (Greece) in 2000. For the sake of comparison, results of a similar study performed in Kołobrzeg (Poland) in 2001 are also given. These data indicate that the exhaust gases produced by motor transportation in the cities resulted in the formation of an inversion layer. The rate of convection of the inversion layer depends on the intensity of sunlight, the strength of winds and the morphology of the land. The inversion layer reaches the highest altitudes in the middle of summer, lower in early and late summer and the lowest in autumn. Over the sea the inversion layer altitude extends to several meters, but on moving inland it rises to a fewh undred meters.
Observations of the shelf environment rarely associate internal solitary waves (ISWs) with the impact of their passage. An experiment observed during the Coastal Mixing and Optics 1996( CMO ’96), a sequence of long internal waves on a coastal shelf is reported, including both mode-1 and mode-2 waves, together with evidence related to the interaction of propagating ISWs and the benthic boundary layer. The observed ISW dynamics is shown to present a repetitive pattern or ‘climate cycle’. The ISW-associated benthic signature described here occurs frequently (at least once a day) in the CMO ’96coastal area and suggests that ISWs under calm, summer-like conditions may have a decisive influence on the fate of near-bottom pollutants or biological processes in shelf regions.
Eutrophication in two different coastal areas — the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic) and the Oslofjord/Drammensfjord (Norway) — both subject to human pressure and with restricted water exchange with adjacent seas, was investigated and compared. Sediment cores (up to 20 cm long) were collected at 12 stations using a core sampler, 6 in each of the two areas, and divided into sub-samples. The physicochemical parameters characterizing the adjacent water column and near-bottom water, i.e. salinity, oxygen concentration and temperature, were measured during sample collection. Chlorophylls-a, -b and -c, their derivatives and selected carotenoids were determined for all the samples, as were additional parameters characterizing the sediments, i.e. Corg, Ntot, d13C and d15N, grain size. 210Pb activity was also determined and on that basis sediment mixing and accumulation rates were estimated. The distribution of pigments in sediments was related to environmental conditions, the sampling site location and sediment characteristics. The results are in agreement with other observations that eutrophication in the Gulf of Gdańsk has increased, especially since the 1970s, whereas in the Oslofjord it decreased during the same period. The pigments are better preserved in inner Oslofjord sediments than in those from the Gulf of Gdańsk. The results demonstrate that the sum of chloropigments-a insediments calculated per dry weight of sediments is a valuable measure of eutrophication, providing that the monitoring site is selected properly, i.e. sediments are hypoxic/anoxic and non-mixed. Besides, the results confirm previous observations that the percentages of particular chlorophyll-a derivatives in the sum of chloropigments-a are universal markers of environmental conditions in a basin. The ratios of chloropigments-b and chlorophylls-c to the sum of chloropigments-a (SChlns-b/ SChlns-a; Chls-c/SChlns-a) may by applied as complementary markers of freshwater and marine organic matter input, respectively.
Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out at Ibeju Lekki, Southwestern Nigeria. The thrust of this study is to determine the geoelectrical parameters of the shallow aquifer and estimate the hydraulic characteristics of this aquifer unit from the surface geophysics. The area falls within the Dahomey basin of the Nigeria sedimentary terrain. Twenty-one VES were conducted using Shlumberger array with a maximum half current electrode (AB/2) of 100 m giving total spread of 200 m. Data were interpreted using partial curve matching technique and assisted 1-D forward modeling with WINRESIST software. The qualitative interpretation revealed KQ curves (ρ1 < ρ2 > ρ3 > ρ4) and KH curve (ρ1 < ρ2 > ρ3 < ρ4). The geoelectric section generated from the results of the VES revealed a four geo-electric layers; these include topsoil with resistivity ranging from 213-5404 Ωm, dry sand with resistivity values vary from 301to 17178 Ωm, saturated sand with resistivity varying from 110 to1724 Ωm and sand (saline water content) with resistivity values of between 8 and 97 Ωm. The major aquifer in the area occurs at the third geoelectric layer. The depth to this aquifer is of between 0.7m and 6.0m and the layer thickness is between 0.2 m and 19.9 m. The hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer estimated from the geoelectric parameters reveal that the aquifer has porosity values of between 29.4 % and 57.7 %, protective capacities of between 0.00013 and 0.015 mhos, transverse resistance ranges from 345-18502 Ωm2, transmissivity values vary from 13 to 310 m2/day and hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.8-65 m/day. The results show that the aquifer is characterized by high porosity and low protective capacities of overburden layers indicating that it is highly vulnerable to surface contamination. It has high transverse resistance, high transmissivity, and high hydraulic conductivity indicating that the aquifer can transmit water at higher rate and sustain the need of the community. This study has demonstrated the efficacy of surface geophysics in estimating hydraulic characteristics of an aquifer where pumping test data are not available and also to determine its vulnerability to surface contaminants.
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