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In this paper the analytical methods and procedures were chosen for determining Hg, Be, Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mo and Cl, Br in ashes, fly ashes and slags of hard coals. For Hg CV AAS, for As GFAAS and for other elements, FAAS methods were recommended.
A method for the synthesis of NaP1-type zeolite and analcime from Polish fly ash derived from hard coal combustion in pulverized-fuel boilers is applied in this paper. The zeolite synthesis was performed from Opole Power Plant fly ash (Elektrownia Opole S. A.), which were activated with aq 3.6% Na₂O (1.16 M NaOH) solution within 80 to 320°C. The NaP1-type zeolite and analcime crystallize at 120°C. As the synthesis temperature increases, the NaP1-type zeolite content rises, and for temperatures of 200 to 320°C the analcime share in the synthesis products becomes significant. The synthesizing capability of zeolites from fly ash has a positive impact on utilization of wastes coming from solid fuel combustion by converting the fly ash into valuable raw material and, simultaneously, accomplishing the lithosphere protection effect.
The main subject of this study is fly ash created during coal combustion in Rybnik Power Station in Upper Silesia in the southern part of Poland. This is the biggest block power station in this region. Gener­ated power is 1600 MW. Annual dust emission from professional energy in Upper Silesia is estimated at 32.8 thousand tons, which is about 22% of total national emissions. X-ray powder diffraction, Analytic Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM) and Induced Couple Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) methods have been applied extensively to heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd) content analysis and their host mineral phases identification. Concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd as well as mineral composition of fly ash being their carriers have been specified. Average Zn concentrations in fly ash are 120 ppm, but for all other elements the averege concentrations were 38 ppm for Cu, 41 ppm for Ni, 44 ppm for Pb, 64 ppm for Cr and 3 ppm for Cd. Amorphic aluminosilicate substances, oxides and sulphides are mineral phases containing heavy metals. The sizes of these particles are up to 12 |im.
Primary energy consumption in Poland, European Union and word-wide has been presented. Energy sources as well as export-import balance of fossil fuels of selected countries have been correlated. The study allows to state that energy sources situation, availability of resources and vital investments require an intensive development of nuclear energy sector and renewable energy sources in Poland.
This paper presents an analysis of the quality of raw coal production on the example of selected mine. The aim was to verify the effective functioning of the quality management system in this field and to investigate the variation of the direction indicators.
The sorption behaviour of divalent cations M+ (Cu, Pb and Zn) and trivalent cations M3+ (Fe, Al) with humic acid isolated from oxidized coal (Hazro,SE Anatolia,Turkey) was followed in aqueous solution. Coal humic acid and metal ion interaction was investigated with special emphasis on the effects of pH, metal ion concentration and humic acid concentration. It has been found that the interaction of humic acid with metal ions in solution increases with pH, decreases with metal ion concentration and increases with humic acid concentration. The differences in sorption ability of particular metal ions on oxidized coal-derived humic acid are Fe> Pb> Cu> Al> Zn and Fe> Pb> Al> Cu> Zn at pH 2.5 and 3.5, respectively, while they are Fe=Pb=Cu=Al> Zn at both pH 4.5 and 5.5. The interaction of some trivalent (Fe, Al) and divalent(Cu, Pb, Zn) metal ions with humic acid prepared from coal was also studied using FTiR spectroscopy. This has proven helpful with respect to metal binding to understand better the potential sites of binding within the humic acid. Infrared spectroscopy showed the participation of cOOH and OH groups in binding to the metal ions.
The possibility of utilization wastes resulting from mining and burning lignite using the method of microbiological leaching has been presented. It has been found, that high yield (40-80%) of the recovery of metals (Cu, As, Mn, Ga, Be, V, Ti) in the presence of a mixture of Thiobacillus bacteria: T. ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans, is possible. The effectiveness of metals leaching (basing on titanium extracted) was high both with autochthonous and museum strains of bacteria used.
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