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The values of each character as they are often the results of measurements in different units, and it can cause that some characters seem to be dominating a few other characters influenced the course of cluster analysis. The methods of cluster analysis based on the quantitative expression similarity relations, it would not work with data-dependent unit of measurement. Therefore, it is appropriate to transfer their characters to standardization or normalization.
Some of the at home and outdoor meals in the luxury goods category can be grouped into the experience products like the meals with truffle. The truffle consuming behaviour is strongly related to the prestige (hedonist, snob, bandwagon and veblenian) consuming motivations. We have analysed the consuming behaviour on a domestic representative sample (1060 people older than 15) and 113 persons were consumers of meals with truffle. The data base was evaluated with the help of factor and cluster analysis. We have defined three consumer segments that were characterised with the demographic factors, frequency of consumption and the behaviour characteristics. We have analysed buying behaviour on the sample of 63 restaurants.
This article focuses on pointing out the possibility of using cluster analysis of the questionnaire survey. The survey is aimed at the working history of employees of several companies. The result of clustering is dendrogram, which graphically illustrates the clusters at different levels of aggregation. The output of process is cumulative assessment of cluster analysis work history.
An increasing awareness of consumers is reflected in a growing demand for products which are manufactured in a particular way, with unique ingredients, or which are of a particular origin. The analysis of consumers’ preferences makes it possible to define factors which determine the purchase of regional products. The aim of the work was to identify factors which determine the purchase of regional products from Lubelskie Voivodeship on the basis of cluster analysis using Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method. The research was carried out in 2016 and included 383 individuals. Statistical analysis of results was conducted on the basis of frequency analysis and cluster analysis. According to the respondents, the most frequently purchased regional products included bakery products (47%), dairy products (35.3%), meat (33.3%), and alcoholic beverages (29.4%). Over 53% of the respondents claimed that the prices of regional products are too high, every third person (29.6%) concluded that they are reasonable, while slightly over 3% of the respondents said they are low. Television and the Internet as well as close relatives and friends appeared to be the best forms of reaching the client with information concerning regional products when bringing them out on the market. However, the most common places where regional products were purchased were food fairs and festivals. Every second respondent purchased regional products at least once a month. Additionally, it was revealed that the consumers’ income was not a decisive factor when purchasing regional products. Despite financial stability, individuals who could be defined as “rich” in Polish conditions purchased regional products relatively rarely.
Based on values of indexes describing financial standing the analyzed aggregate units (socio-economic groups of different size) were classified into classes of a similar financial position.The analysis proved that the households of self-employed people with one, two or three people and non-workmen’s households with one or two people had relatively the best situation. The households were characterised by the highest disposable income per head, the lowest percentage of people living below the thresholds of the subsistence wage and social minimum and a high rate of the percentage of cash used to satisfy higher-order needs. The pensioners’ households with three, four, five, six or more people, old age pensioners’ households with five, six or more people, farmers’ households with four, five, six or more people, workmen’s and self-employed people’s households with six or more people were in the worst financial situation. Above all, their poor situation was proved by the lowest disposable income per head and the highest share of food expenses in their budgets.
In this paper, chemometric approaches based on cluster analysis, classical and robust principal component analysis were employed to identify water quality in Daya Bay (DYB), China. The results show that these approaches divided water quality in DYB into two groups: stations S3, S8, S10 and S11 belong to cluster A, which lie in Dapeng Cove, Aotou Harbor and the north-eastern part of DYB, where water quality is related mainly to anthropogenic activities. The other stations belong to cluster B, which lie in the southern, central and eastern parts of DYB, where the quality is related mainly to water exchange with the South China Sea. Cluster analysis yields good results as a first exploratory method for evaluating spatial difference, but it fails to demonstrate the relationship between variables and environmental quality on the one hand and the untreated data on the other. However, with the aid of suitable chemometric approaches, the relationship between samples or variables can be investigated. Classical and robust principal component analysis can provide a visual aid for identifying the water environment in DYB, and then extracting specific information about relationships between variables and spatial variation trends in water quality.
Herbs and spices are commonly used in cuisine all over the world. They may contain many various substances beneficial for health, but also harmful (e.g. metallic) elements. Spices and herbal plants contain metal ions over a wide range of concentrations. Metals can have important positive or negative roles in human life. The aim of this study was to estimate the trace metals content in select popular Polish herbs and spices available on the Polish market. Thirty samples of various herbs and spices (fennel, sage, oak bark, St. John's wort, linden inflorescence, mint, black pepper, garlic, marjoram, paprika, cinnamon, basil, oregano, herbs de Provence, and parsley) were analyzed. The contents of Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn were determined using AAS method after sample mineralization with 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide. Metals contents were compared in spices from different manufacturers. The chemometric techniques were used to evaluate similarity with respect to herb and spice metal contents.
The aim of the paper was to present the economic situation of farms in the countries of the EU at two different moments in time, and to attempt to assess changes in their situations in the considered period. Analyses were carried out on the basis of FADN data. The object of the study was the economic situation, including production potential, production and economic results and financial indicators. Based on selected characteristics, cluster analysis was performed for 2004 and 2013 and the economic situations of created typological groups was presented. It was found that in both the given years agriculture in the EU countries can be divided into several types. In the studied decade, convergence in the economic situation of farms in the EU was observed. Most Czech, Estonian, and Latvian entities benefited from this process.
A morphometric study of the three species of Lepidium L. sect. Dileptium DC. is presented. Multivariate methods (cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis) were employed to investigate phenetic relations between examined individuals. As a result a set of quantitative characters useful in species determination was proposed and discussed.
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