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A contig of clones from BAC rice genomic library encompassing blast resistance gene Pi-b was constructed. On an average eight clones (8 ± 2.6) were picked up by each marker, which was expected basing on the BAC library size (Nakamura et al. 1997). The 2.4 cM distance between flanking RFLP markers G 1234 and RZ 213 (Miyamoto et al. 1996) was spanned with 4 steps of contig including 25 clones. The physical distance of 370 kb between flanking markers corresponds to a small ratio of physical and genetical distances (155 kb/cM) due to a probable structure of the gene locus near the telomeric end of the chromosome. Markers cosegregating with blast resistance against Magnoporthe grisea were localized in a 2 kb restriction fragment. A new border marker was found on the telomeric side of the Pi-b gene, less than 10 kb from cosegregating markers. No clear marker for the centromeric side of the gene was found but the position of Pi-b rice blast resistant gene was narrowed to within at least 50 kb, which is to our knowledge the most precised estimation of the position of this gene.
The Stoffel DNA fragment, shortened by 12 bp from 5' end, coding for StoffelDNA polymerase (missing 4 amino acids at N-terminus of Stoffel amino-acids sequence) from the thermophilic Thermus aquaticus (strain YT-1) was amplified, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant Stoffel fragment contained a polyhistidine tag at the N-terminus (21 additional amino acids) that allowed its single-step isolation by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The enzyme was characterized and displayed high DNA polymerase activity and thermostability evidently higher than the native Tag DNA polymerase.
The chromosomal I-18 C region of Chironomus tentans contains the I-18 C gene. Two different open reading frames (i.e. the ORF I and II) of two different transcripts (i.e. the 1.8 kb and 4.6 kb RNA) of the I-18 C gene of Chironomus tentans were isolated, at the DNA level, by the Polymerase Chain Reaction, then were cloned into the bluescript vector and finally were cloned into the pET-3a vector in order to translate them in T7 RNA polymerase / promoter system of E. coli. It was possible to obtain the ORF I overexpressed. In a case of the ORF II the low molecular weight polypeptide was detected, however it was not overexpressed, but still this polypeptide was strongly visible on the SDS-polyacrylamide gel.
The technology used for the cloning of the open reading frame (ORF) I and II reflecting DNA fragments of the I-18 C gene in regard to the preparation of the intermediate vector i.e. the bluescript for the ligation with the ORF I and II reflecting DNA fragments, is presented. The main steps include the Eco RV digestion of the bluescript plasmid, the phenol / methylene chloride extraction of the plasmid, dephosphorylation of the bluescript plasmid and finally its extraction with the phenol and ethanol precipitation.
Ophrys holubyana Andrasovszky (Orchidaceae), distributed in the Carpatho-Pannonian region, is generally believed to be of hybrid origin. Although its hybrid origin is broadly accepted by many authors, no molecular evidence has been found to support the hypothesis. The nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) region was sequenced from Ophrys holubyana, and from the presumed progenitor taxa: Ophrys fuciflora (Cr.) Rchb. and Ophrys bicornis Sadler ex Nendtvich. Nearly all the known populations in the Carpatho-Pannonian region were sampled, and the first data on the nrDNA ITS sequence of O. holubyana and O. bicornis are presented. Aligning the ITS sequences revealed no differences among the ten samples. After cloning the amplified ITS regions, eight discrete ITS paralogs with regularly appearing nucleotide differences could be partitioned, differing in only 6 base pairs. Paralog sequences were detected not only in O. holubyana but also in some populations of the two parent species, suggesting that O. fuciflora and O. bicornis in the Carpatho-Pannonian region are also partially of hybrid origin themselves, or influenced by introgression. The study suggests that nrlTS regions can be generally useful in the study of Ophrys systematics and phylogeography and for analyzing the hybrid zones of related Ophrys species groups.
Genes 29,48 and 54 of bacteriophage T4, coding for specific tube associated proteins, were cloned to the expression vector pT7-5. The molecular mass of the products of these genes was estimated to be 64,39 and 36 kDa, respectively. The examined genes are cotranscribed with genes 51,27 and 28 from the same DNA strand and a common late promoter sequence located downstream of gene 51.
Metagenomics is the genomic analysis of the collective genomes of an assemblage of organisms, or the metagenome. Metagenomic analysis has been applied to diverse problems in microbiology and has yielded insight into the physiology of uncultured organisms to access the potentially useful enzymes and secondary metabolites they produce. DNA isolation methods have to be strictly adapted to the type of isolated biological material; of great importance is also the size of the obtained DNA. Small DNA fragments are usually sufficient for an analysis of individual genes or their small groups, whereas large inserts are required for analysing metabolic pathways, genome structures or sequencing large DNA fragments. There are two types of methods of extracting genomic DNA. One of them consists of the direct extraction of nucleic acids from an environmental sample after the cell lysis (in situ), followed by purification of the obtained DNA. The other method consists of the separation of bacterial cells from an environmental sample, followed by lysis of the cell suspension and DNA extraction. In the presented review methods of the environmental DNA isolation, cloning and new enzymes discovery are presented.
A gene for ribosomal protein P0 that belongs to the family of ribosomal P proteins was isolated from a Neurospora crassa cDNA library, using polyclonal antibodies against recombinant P0 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is the first gene for ribosomal P0 protein to be cloned from filamentous fungi. The derived P0 protein sequence has a strong homology to other eukaryotic P0 proteins; yet, there is a nota­ble alteration in the conservative C-terminal region, placing this protein among the unique sequences from protozoan parasites.
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