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The paper presents an analysis of the extreme precipitation recorded in north-western Poland between 1951 and 1995. The author of the present paper selected a day with a maximal twenty-fourhour precipitation sum out of each month. The author also selected intervals characterized by specific twenty-four-hour values: 0.1-9.9 mm, 10.0-19.9 mm, 20.0-29.9 mm, 30.0-49.9 mm, 50.0-99.9 mm and ≥100 mm. The author selected frequencies of their occurrence and a monthly average and annual maximums’ sum of precipitation. A concept of an extreme precipitation relates to twentyfour- hour sums 50.0-99.9 mm and ≥100 mm. Moreover the author selected the days with extreme twenty-four-hour sums ≥100 mm and specified the atmospheric circulation types, distinguished by B. Osuchowska-Klein (1975).
The main aim of the article is to present the climatology of the peak wind gust frequency in Poland caused by the impact of both atmospheric circulation and the presence of thunderstorm clouds. Nine meteorological stations for the measurement period of 2001-2015 were taken into account. Only SYNOP reports with a peak wind gust higher or equal to 15 m s-1 in thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days are considered in this study. The results indicate that the highest threat in terms of frequency and strength of peak wind gusts due to convection occurs in July. In winter, thunderstorms are rare, but if they occur, about 80% of them produce wind gusts exceeding a threshold of 15 m s-1. Peak wind gusts in a non-thunderstorm days are the highest and the most frequent in January, and are at a minimum during summer. Comparing both types, peak wind gusts during days with a thunderstorm were on average stronger than those without an involved convection. This indicated that convection was an important factor in enhancing the strength of a wind gust. The highest value in our base was 34 m s-1, recorded in Kraków on 8th July 2015 within the occurrence of a severe thunderstorm, while the highest value in a day without a thunderstorm was 33 m s-1, recorded in Łódź on 31st January 2002.
The size of monthly and seasonal total precipitation, measured in the interior of three different forest stands and outside the forest, is analyzed. The measurements were carried out during winters of the period 1970-2002 in the Phytoclimatic Station situated at the height of 720 m above the sea level. The amount of a solid precipitation of a month or of an entire winter season, measured in the open field or in the forest, was very diversified. The average monthly interception of a solid precipitation in the fir-spruce stands amounted to 5-28%, while in the larch stand 15-27%. The highest interception occurred in November (27-28%), while the lowest in February and March (5-15%). In all stands the mean amount of interception of a solid precipitation in the winter season was very similar and it was less than 20%. A similar, and frequently smaller variation of precipitation size in the forest in comparison with the open area, indicates that the forest during the winter period is a regulator which uniformly supplies the soil with water from a solid precipitation.
The paper discusses various methods of determining mean temperature in climate studies and the consequences of applying particular methods. The conclusion is that the use of various mathematical formulas that describe mean temperature usually yields different results. In some cases, the differences can reach ten to twenty percent. Consequently, the results of different analyses are incomparable, even in engineering, and especially in research and scientific studies. Hence the postulate to avoid conducting comparative analyses with the use of data from different authors, if their temperature definitions are different, or if there is no precise information on the formulas used in the calculation.
W opracowaniu niniejszym omówiono termikę badanych terenów na podstawie pomiarów elementów meteorologicznych prowadzonych przez stację meteorologiczną w Baranowie, uwzględniając równocześnie różnice występujące w stosunku do opracowania warunków klimatycznych w latach 1881-1960. Analizowany okres badawczy charakteryzował się temperaturami wyższymi od średnich wspomnianego 80-lecia. Przedstawiono tu również przebieg nietypowych dla tych terenów zim od 1987/1988 do 1990/1991.
The analysis of the meteorological vegetation season from the period of 1971-2000 was recorded in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains, in the phytoclimatic research station at Kopciowa near Krynica. The station is located at the altitude of 720 m. Its geographical coordinates are φ = 49º27 N and λ = 20°58' E. This paper jointly presents the length of the vegetation season and dates of its beginning and end. In the years 1971-2000 the meteorological vegetation season began on average on 14 April and finished on 19 October. Its duration was 189 days. The shortest vegetation season was noted in 1997 and lasted 160 days. The longest one occurred in 1989 for 211 days. The duration and dates of the beginning and ending are characterised by a large annual changeability. Almost 25% of annual indicators differed from one another by two weeks. The earliest date of the beginning of the vegetation season fell on March 28, 1989; the latest was on May 1, 1980. The latest end date of a meteorological vegetation season was November 16, 2000. The earliest end date was September 30, 1997. The average multi-annual air temperature of the vegetation season was 10,5°C. The warmest vegetation season in of the period of 1997-2000 occurred in 1983, with an average air temperature of 11.7°C.
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