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Circovirus infections are commonly found in birds and mammals. Today, two genuses: Gyrovirus and Circovirus occur within the Circoviridae family. In poultry pathology, especially on large commercial farms of hens and chickens, special attention is focused on Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus-CIAV of the Gyrovirus genus. The genus of Circovirus includes Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus (PBFDV), pigeon circovirus, referred to as Columbid circovirus (CoCV), or Pigeon cicovirus (PiCV), goose circovirus (GoCV), canary circovirus (CaCV) and others described as circovirus-like diseases, isolated from other species of birds. The paper presents characteristics of circoviruses and the immunosuppressive effects on host cells as well as the diagnosis of infections in birds.
Porcine reproductive disease associated with PCV2 (PRD-PCV2), as one of several syndromes of the porcine circovrirus diseases (PCVD), was characterized. Differences in relation to the Porcine Parvovirus infection, also causing reproductive failure in swine, but to a larger extent, were presented. Diagnostic tests for PCV2 identification and antibody detection were enumerated. The transplacental infection of the fetus by the viremic sow was the only way of PRD-PCV2 proliferation. The ability of PCV2 to replicate in the fetuses and cause pathologic abnormalities was demonstrated. The heart of the fetuses contained the highest virus titre and the highest number of antigen positive cells. Gross lesions observed in dead mummified or not mummified fetuses were described - the most characteristic were those in the heart. The myocardium, which was hypertrophic, showed multiple and irregular pale areas that corresponded to histological lesions of necrosis. The relationship between a herd of swine with PMWS and PRD-PCV2 as the mechanism of continuous infection in sows, fetuses and pigs growing with PMWS was presented. It was demonstrated that countering the infection is a complex task requiring the vaccination of sows against accompanying infections and against PCV2 as well as an appropriate management of the farm aimed at ensuring the welfare of animals.
Goose circovirus (GoCV) infections are commonly found in geese on European and Asian farms, but the role of GoCV as a causative agent of the problem in geese production has not been established yet. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of circovirus infection in commercial geese farms located in South-East Poland. Tissue samples of spleen or bursa of Fabricius from 95 dead geese of different ages have been collected from 28 farms/flocks between April and September 2005. None of the clinical signs and important problems with production were reported during the time of the investigation. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed for the diagnosis of the infection. From positive samples a C1 gene fragment which encodes the capsid protein (after translation of 250 amino sizes), using two pair of primers has been amplified and a sequencing reaction was performed in both directions. The nucleotide sequences were aligned with the sequences geese circovirus strains obtained from GeneBank by BioEdit sequence alignment editor software using Clustal W multiple alignment algorithm. Prevalence of GoCV was found in 18 (18.9%) spleens or bursa of Fabricius samples from geese from 14 (35.0) flocks. All positive birds were more than 5-weeks-old. The nucleotide sequence of C1 gene fragment of Polish GoCV showed 99% to 84% identity with C1 gene sequenced by Todd et al. (accession number AJ304456 GenBank database).
Data concerning the taxonomy and properties of the members of the Circoviridae family have been presented. Representatives of the genus Circovirus and Gyrovirus have been discussed, including their role in causing diseases in several species of birds and in swine. Two viruses - porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV-1) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) - have been isolated and characterized from swine. PCV-1 proved to be nonpathogenic or with minimal pathogenicity for swine. PCV-2 was pathogenic, causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The mechanism of pathogenicity was connected with causing immunosuppression by PCV-2, lymphoid tissue depletion and cytokine IL-10 over expression. These changes contributed to the appearance of clinical symptoms of PCV-2 subclinical infection triggering additional infections, caused by opportunistic microorganisms like Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or porcine parvovirus. Non-infectious risk factors influencing the development of the clinical form of PMWS included mistakes in modern management practices contributing to lower resistance to infection and may also be a genetically determined susceptibility of race or line of swine. Since PMWS is a multifactorial syndrome indications for avoiding correspondent risk factors in management of swine production were mentioned. Vaccines containing PCV-2 antigens were evaluated as an important tool in controlling of PMWS. Available biologicals of this kind for pregnant sows and pigs during the production cycle were mentioned. Moreover, vaccination with vaccines against infections triggered by PCV-2 was recommended.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the Circoviridae family, comprising the smallest viral pathogens. PCV2 is involved in the etiology of several diseases of swine called “porcine circovirus associated disease” (PCVD). The most important disease in this group is postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The role of PCV2 in the etiology of PCVD and the ambiguous interpretation of laboratory results have for years been subjects of controversy. Several, interchangeably used, names have been created for clinical syndromes related to PCV2, and unclear diagnostic criteria hampered the identification of diseases. Therefore, in 2012, new terminology and standardized diagnostic rules were proposed for clinical syndromes related to PCV2. The diagnosis of PCV2 systemic disease and of other PCV2-related diseases is based on the detection of the virus associated with characteristic histopathological lesions (by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry). Currently, 4 vaccines for PCV2 immunoprophylaxis are commercially available. The dominant genotype is PCV2b, and its prevalence has also been confirmed in Poland. However, all commercially available vaccines are based on the PCV2a genotype. The latest results, published in 2013, indicate that experimental vaccines based on the PCV2b genotype are more effective and offer better protection against infections with PCV2b alone and those involving both PCV2b and PCV2a compared to commercially available vaccines.
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