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The paper contains descriptions of three species of cestodes from three species of penguins on King George Island: Parorchites zederi (Baird, 1853) in Pygoscelis papua, P. antarctica and P. adeliae, Tetrabothrius pauliani Joyeux et Baer, 1954 in P. antarctica and P. adeliae and T. joubini Railliet et Henry, 1912 in P. antarctica. Tetrabothrius pauliani is recorded for the first time in the South Shetlands, and P. adeliae is a new host record of this parasite. A description is given of P. zederi cercoids found in seal intestine. The question of the geographical distribution of the species under study is discussed, as well as the problem of the life cycle of P. zederi.
This is the first report on the ultrastructure of eggs in the cestode family Amabiliidae Braun, 1900. The gravid proglottides of Tatria biremis easily detach from the strobila. Their thick-walled saccate uterus contains numerous rounded or oval eggs measuring about 30-32 μm in diameter. In the early preoncospheral phase, three primary embryonic envelopes are formed around the developing and differentiating embryos, namely: (1) vitelline capsule originating from vitellocyte material; (2) outer envelope formed by two macromeres, and (3) inner envelope originating from a fusion of three mesomeres. Thus, both the outer and inner envelopes of T. biremis eggs are cellular in origin and syncytial in nature. During egg maturation, the three primary embryonic envelopes undergo differentiation into fully formed oncospheral or egg envelopes. Most significant changes were observed in the inner envelope which becomes progressively subdivided into 3 sub-layers: the extra-embryophoral sub-layer, the embryophore, and the intra-embryophoral sub-layer, containing mesomere nuclei. The mature hexacanth is covered by a thin layer of the oncospheral tegument. Within the infective hexacanth larva, five cell types were distinguished: (1) a binucleated subtegumental cell; (2) U-shaped penetration gland; (3) nerve cells; (4) somatic cells representing the myocytons of both somatic and hook musculature, and (5) large germinative cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of T. biremis eggs are compared with those described in representatives of other cestode taxa. Since the functional ultrastructure of cestode egg envelopes is defined by multiple factors such as the type of life cycles, habitats and behaviour of the intermediate hosts, mode of the intermediate host infection, etc., ultrastructural studies of the greater diversity of cestodes are needed to obtain comparative data for fruitful analysis of cyclophyllidean cestode adaptations to their diverse life cycles.
The vitellogenesis in Catenotaenia pusilla was examined by means of electron microscopy. Mature vitelline follicles consist of cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery to mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterised by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large parallel cisternae of GER, the vitelline material producing units; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in vitelline material package; (4) continuous fusion of small vesicles into larger vitelline vesicles and fusion of these into 3 very large vesicles, which are characteristic for mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Vitellogenesis in C. pusilla is compared with that in other cestodes. Some conclusions concerning the interrelationship between the vitellogenesis pattern and the type of embryogenesis are drawn and discussed.
The envelopes of oncospheres of Fimbriaria fasciolaris, found in the distal part of the strobila or free, were the subject of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM) studies. The oncospheres inside the strobila were in close apposition to the uterine wall and showed morphological ties suggesting metabolic interactions. SEM studies allowed us to discern 3 stages of uterine development: early - with a continuous, tubular, and branched uterus; intermediate - with bulging parts of the uterus forming uterine capsules packed with oncospheres; late - with the uterus discontinuous, breaking down into uterine capsules, either individual or connected into chains of different lengths, containing 1 to 12 oncospheres. The uterine epithelium within uterine capsules was structurally heterogeneous, closely connected with the oncospheres, constituting a common uterine envelope. Infective eggs outside the strobila were deprived of the uterine envelope, and were joined together by separate external envelopes, easily visible in the LM. Live oncospheres observed over a 24 h period after liberation from the strobila exhibited alterations in taxonomically important features, such as dimensions and shape of the external envelope. The possible roles of different envelopes are discussed.
Recent literature on the evolution and interrelationships of the Caryophyllidea based on molecular and morphological criteria is reviewed. Molecular analyses with SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and ef-1 alpha reaffirms the basal or near basal position of these nonozoic cestodes. Major emphasis is on an evaluation of the scoring in morphological character matrices used in cladistic studies. Suggested changes to present scoring are: uterus is dorsal; scolex is afossate, fossate or difossate with little support for monofossate; ciliated coracidium is absent; vitellaria are circum-cortical and circum-medullary; testes are cortical and medullary; metacercoid stage is absent; and the spermatozoan lacks a crested body, flagellar rotation and proximodistal fusion. Of the 41 recognized genera of the Caryophyllidea, 59% have an afossate scolex and the remainders are fossate. The use of a new character, “nuclear vacuole” in the nucleus of mature vitellocytes, is suggested. To aid in identifying cestode body types in an evolutionary context, they are designated as monopleuroid, polypleuroid and strobila. Tabulated differences between the monozoic Caryophyllidea and polyzoic eucestodes suggest that the two groups may warrant separate taxonomic status. The question of whether or not the monozoic state is primary or secondarily derived is not resolved. Using the life cycle characterstics of the Pseudophyllidea and of Archigetes as models, it is hypothesized that progenesis may have played a major role in the evolution of the Caryophyllidea. If the role of progenesis can be substantiated through total evidence incorporating cytohistological data, then the monozoic condition becomes coincidental and the hypothesis is not supported that the Caryophyllidea are ancestral and preceded polyzoic eucestodes.
One of the best examples of rapid displacement of native species by an invader is the eradication of native Artemia salina and A. parthenogenetica in the Mediterranean by the introduced American A. franciscana. Previous studies based on sampling from limited time periods suggest that the success of the American species as a competitor may be due partly to different parasite burden, since native Artemia spp. have high cestode infection rates regulating their density. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the helminth infection in A. franciscana in its invasive range is low throughout its annual life cycle. Samples of A. franciscana were collected every second month from La Tapa saltern (Andalusia) during one year. Five helminth species were recorded: cestodes Flamingolepis liguloides, F. flamingo, Gynandrotaenia stammeri (all flamingo parasites), Eurycestus avoceti (a shorebird parasite) and larval spirurids of the Acuariinae (the first record of nematodes in Artemia). The overall infection rate was low, with total prevalence 5.9% and prevalence of individual parasite species between 0.2 and 3.2%. The mean abundance of helminths was 0.005–0.155 (av. 0.068), 5–13 times lower than in native congeners. Waterbird counts indicate that the low infection rates cannot be explained by lack of definitive hosts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that helminths have no regulating effect on the invasive brine shrimp in the Mediterranean. The replacement of the native populations by the invader can be partially explained by a competition mediated by parasites/predators through a differential impact on host fitness.
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