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Annexin VI (AnxVI), an Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding protein, interacts in vitro with ATP in a calcium-dependent manner. Experimental evidence indicates that its nucleotide-binding domain which is localized in the C-terminal half of the protein differs structurally from ATP/GTP-binding motifs found in other nucleotide-binding proteins. The amino-acid residues of AnxVI directly involved in ATP binding have not been yet defined. Binding of ATP to AnxVI induces changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of protein, affecting the affinity of AnxVI for Ca2+ and, in consequence, influencing the Ca2+ -dependent activities of AnxVI: binding to F-actin and to membranous phospholipids, and self-association of the annexin molecules. These observations suggest that ATP is a functional ligand for AnxVI in vivo, and ATP-sensitive AnxVI may play the role of a factor coupling vesicular transport and calcium homeostasis to cellular metabolism.
Using 13C labeled compounds and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) it is possible to monitor cellular metabolism and astrocyte-neuronal interactions. Various 13C labeled substrates are used to unravel different aspects of cerebral metabolism. This presentation will focus on [1-13C]glucose, [U-13C] glucose, [2-13C]glucose and [3-13C]glucose metabolism in cerebellar and cerebro-cortical neurons and astrocytes in culture. [1-13C]Glucose is metabolized by both astrocytes and neurons and labeling of metabolites from this isotopomer of glucose will not be affected by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Using [U-13C]glucose and 3-nitropropionic acid it could be confirmed that pyruvate carboxylation takes place in cortical astrocytes but not neurons. This carboxylation leads to the formation of oxaloacetate, which condenses with acetyl coenzyme A to form citrate. However, oxaloacetate may also be converted to malate and fumarate before being regenerated. This redundant pathway is termed the oxaloacetate-fumarate-flux, or backflux and has been shown to be extensive using [2-13C]- and [3-13C]glucose in cultured cerebral cortical and cerebellar cultures. It could also be calculated to be present in vivo. [2-13C]- and [3-13C]glucose can also be used to probe the PPP in neurons where pyruvate carboxylation is not present. Indeed, the PPP contributed to labeling of glutamate and other metabolites.
Circadian rhythms govern a wide variety of physical, behavioral and metabolic changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism’s environment. These are controlled by the circadian clock mechanism, where rhythm-generating mechanism is encoded by a transcription-translation feedback loop. Numerous studies have pointed to a cyclic relationship wherein the rhythm impacts metabolic activity and metabolism feeds back to impinge upon the rhythm. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in regulating cellular energy and were shown to be strategically positioned at the intersection between circadian rhythm and cell metabolism. Nevertheless little is known about their function in controlling the circadian rhythm. In our study, we investigated the involvement of circadian clock in mitochondrial function as well as mitochondria-dependent regulation of circadian clock. The study was carried out in primary human fibroblasts, an already established model to investigate molecular clock mechanisms in vitro. We have found that mitochondria activity as well as network activities showed rhythmic changes within 24 hours. Circadian pattern was detected for mitochondrial ROS including superoxide anion production. A significant 24-hour oscillation was found for cellular redox state. Furthermore, mitochondrial ATP levels were rhythmic and the maximum of ATP production paralleled the peak of mitochondrial ROS level and the mitochondrial network formation. Circadian rhythm was also detected for calcium ions concentration. Increase of ATP synthesis as well as changes in calcium and ROS level activated AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). We have found that in primary human fibroblasts AMPK protein level and activity fluctuate in an antiphase relationship with rhythmic ATP production. Summarizing, our data provide the evidence for circadian regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and suggest that changes of mitochondrial activity may directly influence cellular clock. Supported by grants from Sciex 10. 258 to A.K. as well as Swiss National foundation (SNF No 310030_122572) and Synapsis Foundation to A.E
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Sirt7 an emerging sirtuin: deciphering newer roles

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Potassium cyanide, a highly contaminating and toxic aquatic ecosystems pollutant was investigated for acute toxicity on the freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. Its effect on the Ca2+ - ATPase activities in the liver, gills, muscle and intestinal tissues and oxygen consumption index was studied. Short-term toxicity test was carried out by static renewal bioassay test over a 96 h period using a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.361mg/mL. Potassium cyanide was highly toxic to the animal tested. Results reveal that normal respiratory activity (O2 consumption) of the fish was significantly affected and there was significant decreased in the Ca2+ - ATPase activities at the end of exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between oxygen consumption index and ATPase enzyme activity of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the toxicant. This study reflects the toxic effect of potassium cyanide to the freshwater fish, Clarias gariepinus and suggestion on the possible application of Ca2+ -ATPase activities and oxygen consumption index as possible biomarkers for early detection of cyanide poisoning in aquatic bodies.
The base analogue 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP) is a potent mutagen in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Mutations in the yeast ham1 gene render the cells hypersensitive to the mutagenic effect of HAP. We have found that this gene has homologues in a variety of organisms from bacteria to man. We have overexpressed yeast Ham1p in E. coli. We demonstrate that under conditions when this protein constitutes approximately 30% of cellular protein, the host strain is protected both from toxic and mutapgenic effects of HAP. This result indicates that sole Ham1p activity might be sufficient for destruction of HAP or its metabolites in bacterial cells.
The systemic inflammatory reaction (acute phase response) is induced by many nox­ious stimuli but in all cases the inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-1/ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), are involved. Liver cell response to inflammation manifested by a characteristic change in the profile of synthesized plasma proteins (acute phase proteins) has been extensively studied. Here we describe a model system of cultured human hepatoma HepG2 cells stimulated with IL-1/ ß to evaluate the trans­criptome induced by this cytokine during 24 h of treatment. By using differential dis­play analysis we found IL-1/ß-induced upregulation of several genes coding for cellular trafficking/motor proteins, proteins participating in the translation machinery or in­volved in posttranscription/posttranslation modifications, proteases, proteins in­volved in cellular metabolism, activity modulators, proteins of the cell cycle machin­ery and also some new proteins so far functionally not classified.
Liver is an epithelial organ which removes many substances from the blood, metabolizes them, and secretes back into circulation or directly into the bile. Liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) are involved in the overall detoxification of the organism through the bile. These highly polarized cells are unique among others due to the domain structure of their plasma membrane, organization of their cytoskeleton connected to the canalicular region of plasmalemma, and the specific distribution of various transport systems involved in detoxification phase III. In this mini-review the possible influence of canalicular motility modulated by cytoskeleton on the bile flow is discussed. In addition, the role of annexins, calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins exhibiting high expression level in liver, in vesicular trafficking leading to the transport of some of biliary components is also postulated.
Cell metabolism in organisms which use oxygen as a source of energy is closely associated with the generation and action of free oxygen radicals and their derivatives. Extra- and intracellular substances that are antioxidative in nature prevent overproduction of radicals and protect against propagation of peroxidative reactions. The list of compounds which can be treated as antioxidants becomes elongated. Many classifications of these compounds are used, of which the most common is the division according to their nature into enzymatic and non-enzymatic, according to their environment or the way they react with FOR. Enzymatic antioxidants include: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Non-enzymatic antioxidants are: vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, carotenes and retinols, and some transition metals (Zn, Cu and Se). The balance between the actions of these two groups of compounds determines normal functioning of the organism. Impairment of the balance between pro- and antioxidative processes in the organism is called anitoxidative stress and may be induced by intensified reactions involving FOR and by depressed activity/concentration of antioxidants. It seems, however, that irrespective of the cause, oxidative stress is likely to result in many diseases.
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