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A swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) replication assay in IB-RS-2, SK-6, and PK-15 cell cultures was performed using the xCELLigence system. The cell status was monitored by impedance measurement, expressed as cell index (CI). Proliferation of particular cells was examined at the beginning of the study. The cells exhibited the ability to form a monolayer, and the CI values increased with the cell culture growth. After about 23 h and while still in the growth phase, the cells were infected with decimal virus dilutions (10⁻¹-10⁻⁶) containing from 100 000 to 1 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID₅₀). SVDV replication in cell cultures induced a change in cell index; together with the occurrence of cytopathic effect (CPE), the CI values declined. A significant correlation between the concentration of the virus used and CPE occurrence was found. The results also enabled determination of cell sensitivity to SVDV infection. The highest sensitivity was exhibited by IB-RS-2, followed by SK-6. To conclude, the xCELLigence System was used effectively and evaluated as being an efficient tool for CPE detection and SVDV replication analysis in cell cultures. Compared to the standard method, it enabled a more precise assessment of viral replication based on the quantitative CI measurement, providing additional current information.
Drugs of abuse may cause acute as well as chronic damage to the nervous system, and a common mechanism of neurotoxicity is to induce disturbances in mitochondrial function. The mitochondrion is also an important source for cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). If the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) becomes depolarized, it can increase the production of ROS. This project has evaluated whether the fluorophore JC-1, which measures the depolarization of MMP, and the fluorophore H2DCFDA that oxidizes and produce fluorescence in the presence of oxygen radicals, are useful tools to screen for drug-induced neurotoxicity. The studies have been performed in embryonal carcinoma (EC) P19 cells that are pluripotent and upon retinoic acid (RA)-treatment will differentiate in culture into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In order to determine the predictive validity of the model/methods, a number of compounds known to cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been examined (hydrogen peroxide, ionomycin, sodium azide). Main techniques employed culturing, induction and differentiation of neuronal cells, pharmacological dose-response experiments, detection and quantification of fluorescence using microplate reader and fluorescence microscopy, microplate-based colorimetric methods for assessment of cell viability, pharmacological/toxicological data and statistical analyses using the GraphPad prism software.
Cytotoxic potential of melamine was evaluated with the use of two in vitro models i.e. cell cultures of rat hepatoma (line FaO) and rat skeletal muscle (line L6). The cultures were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to melamine at eight concentrations, ranged from 0.01 to 10 mM. Four different assays were applied in which various biochemical endpoints were assessed: mitochondrial activity - MTT reduction assay, proliferation - Commassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) dye binding assay, lysosomal activity - neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, and membrane integrity - LDH release assay. Effective concentrations (EC₂₀, EC₅₀, EC₈₀) were calculated from concentration-response curves, and then they were averaged over three independently conducted experiments. It was found that MTT assay was the most sensitive to this compound. After 48 h exposure EC₅₀ values (mM, mean ± SD) for FaO and L6 cells were 6.4 ± 0.62, and 8.2 ± 1.51, respectively. The inhibition of lysosomal activity measured by NRU assay, and damage of plasma membrane measured by LDH assay were detected in L6 (but not in FaO) cells; however, the effects took place after longer (72 h) exposure. At that time EC₅₀ values were 5.2 mM and 9.2 mM for NRU and LDH, respectively. In spite of the low cytotoxicity of melamine, more studies are needed for hazard identification and characterization of the compound.
n this work, morphology of Beta vulgaris L. cells permeabilized with 0.7 mM of Triton X-100® was evaluated using digital image processing and concepts of fractal dimension (perimeter- area relations). Important morphometric changes were found when the contact-time with chemical agent was increased.The size of cells decreased, the cells lost the roundness and their shape was more sinuous; this behaviour was a result of a probable shrinkage caused by the excess of exposure with the permeabili- zation agent. Morphology of B. vulgaris cells after permeabili- zation, exhibited a fractal nature since the slope of the ratio of the logarithm of the perimeter vs logarithm of the area was higher than unit. Fractal geometry of the cell morphology was affected as a re- sult of the exposure to Triton X-100®. Those changes can be attri- buted to the loss of turgor and structure of the cell wall.
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