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The analysis was performed on 754 Polish black-and-white sires bom in the period 1970 - 1980. Three age categories (1 year, 3 and 5 years) were considered. Hertability coefficients, genetic and phenotypic correlations were calculated according to the Harveys model Genetic and phenotypic correlations between body weight and the most commonly used body measurements were calculated between the sires aging 1 year and 3 years, 1 year and 5 years, 3 years and 5 years. Low heritability roefficiens occurred in case of body weight and in most body measurements at the age of 1 year, excluding sacrum height (h²=0,66) and width of forechest (h²=0,68). Value of heritability coefficients increased significantly at the age of 3 and 5 years. No significant correlation between body weight at the age of 1 year and 3 years and 1 year and 5 years has been found. Correlation between the same body measurements performed in these periods was also low. High genetic and phenotypic correlations of the body weight and the body measurements at the age of 3 and 5 years have been proved. Results of this study suggest that selection for performance traits should take place when sires reach the age of 3 years.
In the study the effect of some selected specific traits of the calves on the factors contributing on the generation hypotension of the suckling process, was determined.
This study concerns hypotension as a basic parameter of the suckling process in the calf. A total of 696 calves were examined. Statistical calculations of the least sguares method according to W.P. Harvey (1987). In the cognitive aspect of this study the offect of some selected specific traits of the calves on the maximum walue of hypotension during sukling. However in the utilitarian aspect the study results were referred to the technique of mechanical milking.
Growth and development of bull calves in two rearing stations in the middle Pomerania region was observed for over 13 years. Influence of such factors as year, season of birth, place of origin, breeding class, on the value of performance traits was studied. Essential influence of all above factors on the examined features has been proved.
The seasonal decline in egg-volume on the basis of the individual changes in 35 known-age female Common Terns Sterna hirundo was studied with data available for 3-6 years. Interindividual differences were significant for both laying dates and egg-volume. Thus, to examine whether the decline was an effect of an assortment of females with the timing of breeding according to their individual egg-volume, the individual values of laying date were correlated with egg-volume. Correlation was not significant, suggesting that seasonal decline in egg-volume was not due to interindividual differences. Instead, egg- volume showed a gradual decrease with the progress of the season at intraindividual level i.e. the later an individual female laid in the season the smaller was the egg-volume. Moreover, the seasonal decline in egg-volume was not due to a simultaneous increase in egg-volume with an advancement of the timing of breeding with age, since the rate of seasonal decrease in egg- volume was similar for young and old birds. Individual average of laying date accounted for 22% of the individual average of fledgling production whereas egg-volume was not significantly correlated with fledging production. Thus, it is suggested that seasonal decline in egg-volume is a non-adaptive consequence of physiological effect of condition on both timing of breeding and egg-volume.
Acta Ornithologica
|
1999
|
tom 34
|
nr 2
219-226
In 1991-1995 fourteen morphological traits of Great Tits breeding in nest boxes were measured. Their relation to fitness was checked in elements of a tifs biology: survival of young to first reproduction, competition for nesting places, first and second broods, lifetime survival and reproduction. Selection intensity (i) was calculated for principal components of body size. Phenotypic selection evidences were mainly singular. Comparison of body size of individuals recruited to the studied population revealed that males of larger body size were recruited to the population. An experiment showed that individuals with larger bills won competition for nest boxes (i for bill length ranged from 0.05 in males to 0.34 in females). Clutch size depended positively on the measurements of males (i = 0.07 and i = 0.11 respectively), and negatively on the body measurements of females during the first brood (i = -0.08 in 1995). During the second broods there was a positive trend in relation between body size of parents and young condition (for females i = 0.05 and i = 0.02 respectively, for males i = 0.08 in 1992). Intensive selection on body size (i = -0.34 for males, i = -0.61 for females), due to a catastrophic impact of bad weather was recorded as well. Analysis of lifetime data on the longevity and mean breeding success per year, revealed for 1991 cohort of individuals a strong negative selection on body size in females (i = -0.46 with regard to breeding success, i = -0.16, longevity) and positive selection on forearm length in males in 1993 (i = -0.128, longevity). For 8 cases of selection, its direction in males favoured larger body size (7 cases), whereas in females selection directions were differentiated (3 positive, 3 negative). This pattern was concordant with sexual size dimorphism in the studied population.
The most cases of statistically significant differences between bull calves of different were found in rearing stations where the traits formed at a more favourable level. The investigated traits for all genotype groups of bulls assumed significantly different values in particular years of rearing. Crosses (BW × HF) reached higher body weight and higher daily weight gains than the inland BW bulls. The height at withers depended on the genotype and the interaction: genotype x rearing year. The bulls were the taller the greater was the HF blood addition. The chest girth depended on the genotype and rearing year The smallest was recorded in the BW bulls. The measurement coefficient depended, first of all, on the genotype. The highest values of this index were found for BW bulls; the higher was the HF blood addition the lower was the massiveness index. To the A and B class the lowest number of BW bulls was assigned, whereas the highest number of bulls assigned to these classes was of bulls of the genotype of 50% and 75% HF.
Investigations were carried out in rearing station in Mrozowo on 92 bull calves. In the first year of life blood samples were collected every month and level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrits, total protein and its fractions, urea, nitrogen a-amine, AspAT, ALAT, AP, glucose, cholesterol and bilirubin were analysed. Usefulness for reproduction was defined by quantity and quality of semen obtained from bulls it 12-th month of life. Results were combined in correlative pairs and subjected to analysis of multiple regression. Occurence of great fluctuations of calculated correlation coeflicients (from positive to negative) and deficiency of longer periods with constant level of relationship suggest that examined blood indices are rather useless in prognosing semen quality.
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