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The subject of this paper is a stand of yew trees growing in Purda Leśna forest range (Wipsowo Forest District, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship), localized near the eastern border of the species’ range. In total 25 individuals of T. baccata from this locality were first described, measured and mapped in 1958. After over 50 years, 19 remaining trees were measured and described again, which gave the opportunity to investigate the growth dynamic and changes in health and condition of the yew trees. This paper compares the results of both measurements and observations. The research was done at the end of August 2010 during a student scientific camp organised by the Institute of Forest Sciences, Łódź University.
Regression analysis is one of the most popular statistical modeling tools, which can define linear or nonlinear relationships between individual trees and stands parameters. Mixed−effects models are one of the contemporary trends of those regression methods. These models can be applied to describe such features as: height, biomass, taper, site index or volume both at the level of a single tree and whole forest ecosystems. The aim of this work is to present the characteristics of the mixed−effects model, the applicability of linear and nonlinear mixed−effects models in forest studies, and the example of a linear mixed−effects model defining the relationship between bark thickness and diameter at breast height for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in comparison to the linear fixed−effect model. Goodness−of−fit for the obtained linear mixed−effect model indicate its better fit to the pine bark thickness than in the case of the mixed−effects model. Moreover, most of the published research results indicate the predominance of both linear and nonlinear mixed−effects models according to fixed−effect ones. These studies indicate the wide possibilities of using mixed−effect models in forestry. However, there are also results pointing to the disadvantages of these models and put into question the legitimacy of their use in forest research. This fact to some extent confirms the results (residuals behavior) obtained in this study. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct further research, which on the one hand will allow the potential of this solution to be used, and on the other hand will help to clarify emerging doubts.
Trees are an important component of the urban landscape. Their aesthetics qualities and especially a positive impact on the environment translate into increased life quality of urban communities. From this point of view the aspect of trees’ growth in urban areas is an object of intensive research all over the world. The better the knowledge of factors and mechanisms affecting growth and development trees in urban areas, the more accurate is in example monetary evaluation of trees value and their effects on the environment (value of the retained stormwater, produced oxygen, assimilated CO2, retained pollutions of water, soil and air, reduction of heat islands, etc.). Research on the correlation of tree age, environmental factors and the growth of dendrometric parameters serve as a starting point for developing various computer programs enabling one to calculate the economic effect of trees on savings and expenditure of individual households, towns and cities. Results of tree growth research prove that savings resulting from the presence of trees in towns can be more than three times the cost of tree maintenance. Trees growth is with no doubt dependent on their age. This paper evaluates the possibility of determining tree age based simultaneously on dbh (diameter at breast height 1,3 m) and total tree height, using species most commonly growing along streets in Warsaw: common lime (Tilia cordata Mill.), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). The first step of research was the identification and measuring of age homogenous trees populations growing in similar conditions (street side trees in Warsaw, excluding city’s downtown) for which planting ages were known (mainly from archive data). Next, multifactoral regression models were developed describing the growth of both parameters (dbh and height) over time. In the majority of cases, plotting tree age against diameter and height yielded a regression coefficient r value and determination coefficient r2 value above 0.9. For graphical interpretation of elaborated multifactoral model nomograms were applied. This kind of graph explains tree age based on both dbh and height of trees. Another aspect of the research was a verification. The resulting model was applied to unrelated groups of trees of known age. Mean bias values were established for each model. The difference between the actual age and mean age calculated with the model was less than ±15%. Presented model, although not meant for application to individual trees might be useful to determine the age of trees populations growing along streets and roads.
Existing historical parks are often all that remains of important prestigious residences. Often converted as open public places, the old palace parks and estates have become a permanent feature in the landscape, being places of great cultural and natural value. One of the major components of such parks is the presence of old and in some cases ancient trees, especially valuable when it takes the character of a collection of plants with a high diversity of species and cultivars. Today, there is often a need for restoration work within these historical parks, often in modernising them or adapting them for new functions. Unfortunately, these actions are frequently undertaken incorrectly or irresponsibly, without taking into consideration the presence of valuable park trees. Changes in site conditions in the immediate vicinity of the trees may be the primary cause of deterioration in their health, manifested by a significant weakening and irreversible degradation. This applies especially to old specimens, whose adaptability to environmental changes is very limited. The aim of this study was to identify in selected examples, the relationship between the condition of park trees and improper execution of technical work in their vicinity related to the modernisation and maintenance of the park.
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