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In recent decades, considerable attention has been paid to the serious water pollution caused by the fastgrowing aquaculture industry. On the other side, water quality determines to a great extent the success or failure of an aquaculture operation. So highlighted is the need for sustainable development of aquaculture. In the present work, we established a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) by vertical-flow constructed wetlands (CWs) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) culture, and assessed its effects on water quality improvement. The results indicated that the CWs applied in the RAS showed relatively higher removal efficiency for particulate matter (more than 55%) and lower, uneven removal efficiency for nutrients and organic matter (from -34.1% to 48.7%). Paired t-tests showed that only parameters of NH4 +-N, TN, COD, BOD5, TSS, and Chl-a were significantly (p<0.05) lowered after wetland treatment. Despite this, nutrients (but NH4 +-N, NO2--N, and NO3--N), organic matter, and suspended solids (including plankton) in the recirculating ponds were significantly lowered compared to the control, indicating a decline in trophic status. Multivariate analyses revealed strong relationships between zooplankton community structure and the measured environment in the culture ponds. Cyanobacterial blooms that occurred heavily in the control were strongly restrained in the recirculating ponds. This led to water quality that was suitable for fish culture. Hereby, conclusions could be reached that the recirlulating treatment by the CWs achieved its aim of sustaining or extending water quality improvement in the RAS.
The study examined the effect of catfish production on smallholder farmers’ welfare in Osun State, Nigeria using the Odo-Otin Local Government Area of Osun State as a case study. A purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 109 farmers and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and a multiple regression model were used to analyse data. Results show that the majority (67.9%) of the catfish farmers were male, married (64.2%), with s mean age of 44 years (±13.1), and more than three-quarters (78.9%) had tertiary education. The majority of the catfish farmers (85.3%) raised fish to table size (grow-out) and 55.0% used static renewal technology. The average gross margin of ₦172,246 ($545) per production season (5–6 months) and BCR of 1.66 indicate that catfish farming is profitable and feasible. Regression results indicate that cost of feed and quantity of catfish harvested significantly increase the quantity of catfish sold, and quantities of catfish harvested and sold significantly increase food expenditure by farmers. Therefore, farm inputs (especially feed) should be subsidised by governments to encourage effective use of inputs to increase catfish production and subsequently, the welfare of farmers. Also, effort should be intensified at building the capacity of the farmers through education so as to enhance the adoption of technology which would invariably translate to better yields and income.
As far as the detection of metal genotoxicity in fish is concerned, micronucleus (MN) test is considered an extremely suitable measure. In this study, frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were scored in peripheral blood of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (bloch) after acute in-vivo exposure of zinc at different concentrations (5, 10 and 30 ppm) in the laboratory condition. These three concentrations of zinc were tested at different durations such as 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h respectively. Highly significant (P < 0.001) increased values were obtained for MN frequencies in the peripheral erythrocytes of exposed fishes compared to control groups of fishes. These results confirm that dose- and time-dependent micronucleation in the peripheral erythrocytes of fish after short-term exposure to zinc could provide valuable information regarding zinc containing effluent quality and also help in genetic biomonitoring with this test model. In this context safe concentration of zinc vis-a-vis genotoxicity range could be evaluated for future studies.
Potassium cyanide, a highly contaminating and toxic aquatic ecosystems pollutant was investigated for acute toxicity on the freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. Its effect on the Ca2+ - ATPase activities in the liver, gills, muscle and intestinal tissues and oxygen consumption index was studied. Short-term toxicity test was carried out by static renewal bioassay test over a 96 h period using a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.361mg/mL. Potassium cyanide was highly toxic to the animal tested. Results reveal that normal respiratory activity (O2 consumption) of the fish was significantly affected and there was significant decreased in the Ca2+ - ATPase activities at the end of exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between oxygen consumption index and ATPase enzyme activity of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the toxicant. This study reflects the toxic effect of potassium cyanide to the freshwater fish, Clarias gariepinus and suggestion on the possible application of Ca2+ -ATPase activities and oxygen consumption index as possible biomarkers for early detection of cyanide poisoning in aquatic bodies.
Acute (6.25 mg dm-3, exposure 36 h) and subacute (2.08 and 1.04 mg dm-3, exposure 1-8 weeks) levels of selenium caused periglomerular fibrosis accompanied with intrafiltration of blood cells in the capsular space. Proliferative glomerulonephritis as well as fragmentation and necrosis of cells of the renal tubule were also observed. However, no remarkable change was noted in fish exposed to a sublethal (0.625 mg dm-3) concentration of Se for 1-8 weeks.
An increase in feeding frequency and stock density generally enhanced total production. Maximum final mean body weight was recorded in fish fed once in 2 days at a density of 1 fish per 5 dm3. Fish fed once in 2 days exhibited the maximum conversion rate and efficiency and this may be considered as the optimum feeding for M. keletius. An increase in density beyond 1 fish per 5 dm3 significantly reduced all food utilization parameters except absorption efficiency. The adverse effects of high density could be compensated by increasing the feeding schedule.
A comparison has been made for the first time between the cholinergic components of the nervous system of the intestinal digeneans, Acanthostomum absconditum and Haplorchoides cahirinus from catfish, Bagrus bayad caught in Egypt. Some important differences in the central and the peripheral nervous systems are recorded between the two digeneans. The number of transverse connectives in A. absconditum is greater than in H. cahirinus, while the number of ring commissures in H. cahirinus (10) is greater in A. absconditum (3). Innervation of the subtegumental muscles, anal opening, excretory pores and ootype are revealed only in A. absconditum. Many cholinergic bipolar and multipolar nerve cell bodies (somata) are evident in A. absconditum. These cells lie close to the dorsal surface and are associated with the dorsal nerve cords and nerves supplying the subtegumental muscles. Possible functions of some nervous components are discussed.
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