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Pine processionary, Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775 is a moth that belongs to the order of insects Lepidoptera, and family Notodontidae. The larvae of pine processionary moth are the main pest of pines all over the world, but mainly in Mediterranean region. The contact with pine processionary caterpillar (lepidopterism) can produce a strong inflammatory reaction on skin and mucous membranes. Other findings include hyperthermia, tachypnoea, respiratory distress, cyanosis and tongue oedema, labial angioedema, ptyalism, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, conjunctivitis and severe tongue necrosis. Tough, few veterinary cases have been published. Also in Poland pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora) is present, especially near the Baltic coast and can be a possible health risk for both humans and animals (especially dogs). The aim of this article is to increase knowledge about the clinical manifestations of pine processionary caterpillar contact, which may be useful for diagnosis of this dangerous disease.
Evaluation offruits and leaves ofseventeen apple cultivars in respect of their attraction as food for caterpillars of leafroller species occurring in an experimental apple orchard was carried out over 1995 to 1998 in the Institute ofPomology and Floriculture at Skierniewice. The highest levels ofinjuries were observed on two cultivars: ‘Ligol’ and ‘Elstar’. High number ofinjured fruits was noted on the following cultivars: ‘Gala’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Idared’, ‘Lodel’ and ‘Szampion’. By far the number of injured fruits was lower on ‘Lobo’ and ‘Jonathan’, and the least on ‘Rubinette’, ‘Starkrimson’ and ‘Gloster’. Significant differences in the number of caterpillars settled down in leaf/flower clusters ofparticular cultivars during the vernal period were also confirmed. In each season the highest number ofcaterpillars of Pandemis heparana and Archips rosana were observed on leaves of‘Alwa’. To cultivars whose leaves were also readily settled down by the two aforementioned species were: ‘Jonathan’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Ligol’, ‘Lobo’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Elstar’. Relatively less caterpillars were observed on leaves of‘Arlet’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Szampion’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Pilot’, ‘Pinowa’ and ‘Rubinette’.
Cryptic green caterpillars of Thera variata and Pungeleria capreolaria and brown caterpillars of Peribatodes secundarius, Eupithecia tantillaria and Hylaea fasciaria (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) were studied. The question was if these caterpillars could improve the effect of their crypticity by selecting for their diurnal roosting a specific place on their host plant – Norway spruce (Picea abies). We observed the preference for background type, preference for upper or undersurface, and preference for illuminated or shaded part of background. We found that the caterpillars chose special sites on their host plants. Very similar green caterpillars of T. variata and P. capreolaria roosted most frequently on the undersurface of fresh green spruce twigs (twigs with living needles). Brown caterpillars also roosted mostly on fresh twigs. P. secundarius preferred twig undersurface, while E. tantillaria roosted most often on the upper surface of twigs. Larvae of H. fasciaria did not prefer either the upper surface or undersurface of twigs. Comparing with the other studied species, they roosted more frequently on brown sprigs of fresh green twigs. We conclude that caterpillars could improve their mimicking of the particular parts of their host plant by the selection of their roosting position: larvae of T. variata and P. capreolaria imitate green needles, P. secundarius thin twigs, E. tantillaria dry needles captured among green needles on a living twig, and H. fasciaria thicker sprigs.
The aim of the studies was to determine significance of parasitoids as biocontrol agents against teafrollers in apple orchards. The studies were performed in different parts of Poland in 1994-2001. An average parasitization level of caterpillars amounted to ca. 8.6%, and it varied broadly up to individual orchards (from 2.4 to 32.4%). A natural parasitization level was strictly related to the intensity of orchards' protection against pests. Higher parasitization was observed in case of less protected orchards, and in those ones with a great number of leafrollers. The greatest share in parasitizing leafroller caterpillars was stated for hymenopterans belonging to two families: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. Populations of leafrollers were most effectively reduced by the following parasitoid species: Ascogaster rufidens, Apanteles ater, Meteorus ictericus, Macrocentrus linearis and M. thoracicus of Braconidae as well as Campoplex mutabilis, Lissonota segmentator, Phytodietus segmentator, Itoplectis maculator, Diadegma armillatum and Apechthis rufata of Ichneumonidae. The results of conducted research also revealed preferences of particular parasitoids to parasitize some leafroller species. A. rufidens had the greatest share in parasitizing caterpillars of Pandemis heparana. Among hymenopterani parasitoids of Archips rosanus, the one most numerously occurring was C. mutabilis, also considered as the main parasitoid of Acleris rhombana. In parasitizing the leafroller Adoxophyes orana the greatest share fell to M. ictericus while in case of Spilonota ocellana - the most frequent parasitoid was A. quadridentata. Tachinid flies were found to be of a minor importance in parasitization of leafroller caterpillars. They were only raised from four leafroller species, and their largest share fell in parasitization of A. rosanus. Parasitation of A. rosanus eggs by Trichogramma sp. varied broadly depending on individual orchards and growing seasons, and ranged 0.8 to 33.9%.
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