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Vegetable as a source of carotenoids

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Plants are rich and still unexploited sources of bioactive compounds, attractive for their therapeutic properties and as the raw material for the formulation of pharmaceutical and food products. The colour of the plants, especially comestibles as vegetables or fruits, results from chemical compounds whose metabolic activity is the aim of many studies nowadays. The carotenoids, a group of organic compounds with an unsaturated skeleton of hydrocarbons, results in the colours of yellow, orange and red. Having antioxidant activity and, for some of them, being the precursors to vitamin A in the animal organisms are willingly used in very different medical applications. The article describes the current state of knowledge regarding the types and quantities of carotenoids in vegetables, the advancement of knowledge of their metabolic impact, their possible applications in medicine, as well as the desired directions for further research. Also, the scope of their industrial use and the prospects of carotenoids’ market development are included. This work is carried out in the framework of the COST Action – EUROCAROTEN CA15136, with the aim of the exchange and development of knowledge between European researchers working on carotenoids.
Astaxanthin is a xanthophill pigment with commercial application in the aquaculture, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the most promising microorganisms for its industrial production. However, astaxanthin content in wild yeast strains is low. Pigment production by X. dendrorhous can be improved by mutagenesis. The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of four mutagens: UV radiation, benomyl, ethyl methanesulfonate and ethidium bromide in generating asthaxanthinhyperproducing strains of the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous DSM 5626. Mutations with benomyl, ethidium bromide and UV radiation generated a group of hyperpigmented mutants exhibiting increases up to 100% in astaxanthin content. Ethyl methanesulfonate turned out to be useless in this respect.
Yellow plasmodia of the acellular slime mould Physarum polycephalum irradiated with white light of 70 mmol m-2 s-1 fluence rate showed two distinct changes in their colour depending on the irradiation period: 1) depigmentation of plasmodia (photobleaching) - within a short-term (hours) exposure, and 2) plasmodia taking on an orange colour as a result of a long period (a few days) continuous exposure to radiation. Photobleached plasmodia transferred to the dark resynthetized the pigments and slowly, after about 10 hrs become yellowish and than, regained their yellow colour. General features of these pigments (extraction, solubility, absorption spectra) were comparable to those isolated from non-irradiated organisms. The pigments isolated from plasmodia subjected to a long period of irradiation differed qualitatively from those produced in the dark grown cultures. The general features of these pigments, e. g. solubility, absorption spectra, point to their being of the carotenoid type.
The effect of ethephon applied at seedling on accumulation of earotenoid pigments in fruit of hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. var Bronowicka Ostra was studied. Ethephon was found to stimulate fruit maturation. The mass of ripe fruit from the second and third harvest increased by more than 44% on average compared to controls. Fruit from the third harvest had higher content of red pigment capsanthin (11% on average) and ß-earotene (14%), and ß-cryptoxanthin-provitamin A (18%) than control fruit. The increase in the level of these pigments was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of zeaxanthin and disappearance of neoxanthin. Supposedly ethephon regulates fruit maturation by stimulating carotenogenesis.
Ściany komórkowe glonów Botrydium granulátum, szczep 11-1 (Botrydiaceae, Botrydiales) zwane są macierzystymi ścianami komórkowymi (CWM). Gromadzone są one w pożywce wzrostowej i wykazują intensywnie różowe zabarwienie. Podobne zabarwienie wykazują ściany komórkowe izolowane z homogenatu z rozdrobnionych komórek (CWH). Zabarwienie to jest spowodowane przez karotenoidy, takie jak echinenon, kantaksantyna, 3S,3’S-astaksantyna, ich produkty utlenienia, astacen i semiastacen, 3S,3’-fritschiellaksantyna, 2,3-didehydro-(6’R,3’R)-fritschiellaksantyna i (3R,3’R,6’R) - luteina. Udowodniono, że ściany komórkowe (CW) glonów należących do Botrydiaceae, z rzędu Botrydiales zawierają te same karotenoidy co karotenoidy izolowane z CW rzędu Chlorococcales. Ściany komórkowe glonów Botrydium granulátum, szczep 11-1 zawierają także biopolimer oporny na acetolizę.
The paper discusses the influence of the addition of freeze-dried tomatoes on the chemical composition and selected physical properties of extruded corn snacks. Corn grits were replaced with dried tomatoes in the amount from 5 to 30% of corn mass. The total lycopene and phenolic content, the scavenging ability and the ferric reducing antioxidant power were determined along with the content of neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric acids and rutin. Also evaluated were selected physical properties, colour and the sensory profi le of corn snacks enriched with tomatoes. A greater tomato addition increased the volume of bioactive compounds, especially the total phenolic content. Snacks enriched with tomato exhibited a lower expansion ratio, water absorption and solubility indices, lightness and sensory characteristics but higher density, hardness and redness than corn snacks. Powdered tomato seems to be a functional additive with the high content of biologically-active compounds, and the enriched snacks displayed good physical properties if the tomato level did not exceed 20%. A higher amount of the additive signifi cantly lowered the expansion as well as increased the hardness of snacks. Still, the corn products with 25 and 30% of powdered tomato were more valuable due to their much higher level of bioactive components compared with the regular corn snacks.
The effect of light wavelength on multiplication, tissue growth and pigment content was studied in Cattleya intermedia x C. aurantiaca microcutting cultures. The initial explants were shoots regenerated from protocorm-like bodies. Modified MS medium containing 5.0 mg·l-1 BA, 0.2 mg·l-1 zeatin and 1.0 mg·l-1 NAA, solidified with Difco agar, was used for adventitious regeneration of shoots and aerial roots. The rate of organ initiation depended on the wavelength of the monochromatic light applied. Red and blue treatments were effective in triggering photomorphogenesis in the evaluated material. The propagation coefficient reached 11.7 under red light, 10.6 under blue, 8.3 under white and 6.2 in darkness. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were highest in cultures illuminated with white light, gradually decreasing from the blue to the red and the far red treatments. Blue light treatment improved the efficiency of micropropagation and benefitted initiation of rhizogenesis and aerial root elongation, and the resulting plants were true to type.
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