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Wyznaczono dynamikę i kinetykę rozkladu szeroko stosowanego w kraju fungicydu - karbendazymu. Badania prowadzono w warunkach modelowych symulujących wodę rzeczną, destylowaną i ekosystem wodny uwzględniając różne stężenia początkowe fungicydu i temperatury oraz wpływ na rozklad karbendazymu zdolności adaptacyjnych mikroflory i właściwości kumulacyjnych.
The paper presents a study on biodegradation of carbendazim (1 mg/l) by homogeneous cultures of epiphytic (n = 25) and neustonic (n = 25) bacteria and heterogeneous (n= 1) cultures containing a mixture of 25 bacterial strains isolated from epidermis of the Common Reed (Phragmites australis, (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) and surface microlayer (SM ≈ 250 μm) of eutrophic lake Chelmzynskie. Results indicate that epiphytic bacteria are characterized by higher average capacity to decompose carbendazim than neustonic bacteria (p<0.05). The half-life of carbendazim in epiphytic bacterial cultures equaled an average of 60 days. In the same period, neustonic bacteria reduced the concentration of the fungicide by 31 %. The level of carbendazim biodegradation in mixed cultures of epiphytic and neustonic bacteria after 20-day incubation was lower than the biodegradation level in homogeneous cultures. Sixty-day homogeneous cultures of epiphytic and neustonic bacteria were characterized by a higher mean level of carbendazim biodegradation than mixed cultures. After 40-day incubation, mean values of biodegradation of the fungicide in homogeneous and mixed cultures were similar. It was demonstrated that among epiphytic bacteria, Pseutlomonas luteola was the most efficient organism in reducing the concentration of carbendazim. Among neustonic bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas hydrophila were the most effective in degradation of the fungicide.
Studies on adsorption, desorption and reaction kinetics of carbendazim in grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loamy sand (Albic Luvisls), grey-brown podzolic soil derived from silt (Haplic Luvisols) and brown soil derived from sandy clay loam (Haplic Cambisols) were carried out. Five concentrations of carbendazim (5.0, 3.8, 2.6, 1.0 and 0.2 µg · cm⁻³) in 0.01 mol · dm⁻³ CaCl₂ were used for the 24 h batch adsorption experiments; the desorption experiments were performed by replacing equilibrium solutions with 0.01 mol · dm⁻³ CaCl₂ and shaking again for the same period of time. The experimental data showed a good fit to the Freundlich equation (r² in the range 0.988-0.997 for adsorption and 0.980-0.999 for desorption). The values of KFads varied from 5.45 in the sandy to 11.81 in the loess soil, the KFdes from 7.82 in the sandy to 17.87 in the loamy soil; the 1/n values for adsorption and desorption were in the range 0.636-0.812. Adsorption/desorption kinetics were investigated for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24 and 48 h reaction times. The adsorp- tion process in all soils and the desorption process in sandy soil was time-dependent, initially proceeding quickly but within approximately one hour it slowed and ran slowly. useful models for the description of presented experimental kinetic data were the two-site model (r² in the range 0.727-0.994) and the pseudo second-order model (r² in the range 0.636-0.988).
Analysis of pesticide residues was performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) with Photodiode Array Detector (PDA). Mushroom samples were prepared by acetonitrile extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a BEH C18 analytical column (2.1 mm 􀂰 150 mm), 1.7 μm particle size at flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. Validation studies were carried out on mushroom. In the linear range (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) of each pesticide, the correlation coefficient was R2 > 0.99. The relative standard deviation was below 17.1% for all pesticides. The recovery and repeatability of results are in compliance with SANCO/2009 criteria (i.e. average recoveries were in the range 70–120% with RSDs < 20%) for all pesticides The developed method was successfully applied for determination of pesticide residues in mushroom, apple and black currant.
In field and pot experiments the effect of selected pesticides on the atmospheric nitrogen fixation, number of microorganisms in soil and yield of red clover has been investigated. The results obtained indicate that crop protection preparations applied in the experiments (Funaben T seed dressing compound and Pivot 100 SL herbicide) resulted in reduction of nitrogenase activity on the active strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii KGL both in pot and field experiment conditions. Moreover, the authors observed the toxic effect of the pesticides used on nodulation, root development and yield of clover. The herbicide and fungicide applied also inhibited the multiplication of the microorganisms in soil under red clover plantations in the first days upon application and, later on, stimulated their multiplication.
Disappearance of chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, vinclozolin and carbendazim, as active ingredients of agrochemicals commonly used for the protection of greenhouse vegetables against fungal diseases, was studied comparatively. It was found that initial residues of chlorothalonil and dichlofluanid dropped by half within 4 and 2 weeks after treatment, respectively, while the deposits of vinclozolin and carbendazim were the most persistent and after 5 weeks still constituted 50% of their initial levels. Therefore, the obtained results indicated that iprodione, procymidone and vinclozolin should ensure the longest effective protection of greenhouse tomatoes while chlorothalonil, and especially dichlofluanid, for the shortest.
In greenhouse experiments, the fungicides containing benomyl (Benlate 50 WP), thiram and carbendazim (Sarfun T 65 DS), or only thiram (Zaprawa Nasienna T Zawiesinowa) were the most effective in protection of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass against strongly pathogenic F. avenaceum isolate. The seed treatment fungicides containing an azole compound (Baytan Universal 19.5 DS, Premis 025 DS and Raxil 02 DS) showed low effectiveness. F. avenaceum infection of pasture grasses was not controlled by Polyversum biofungicide containing Pythium oligandrum oospores.
In field and pot experiments the effect of selected pesticides on the nitrogenase activity, num­ber of soil microorganisms, and yield of hybrid lucerne was investigated. The obtained results show that crop protection preparations applied in the experiment (seed dressing compound Funaben T and Pivot 100SL herbicide) reduced the activity of nitrogenase in the active strain of Sinorhizobium me­liloti both under conditions of pot and field experiments. In addition, the authors observed a noxious influence of the applied pesticides on nodulation, root development and yield of lucerne. Furthermore, in the first days after their application, the employed herbicide and fungicide inhibited mul­ti­pli­cation of soil microorganisms under lucerne plantations, while later they were found to stimulate their mul­ti­pli­cation.
Prom winter wheat and winter triticale stems with distinct disease lesions 23 isolates of eyespot agent - Tapesia yallundae fungus were obtained. Stems ere collected in 1999-2001, from no-treatment and protected with fungicides fields, which were situated in three provinces of Poland (małopolskie, mazowieckie, śląskie). Obtained isolates were c1assified on the basis of morphology on PDA, sporulation on water agar and sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz. 51 isolates 41,5% of a11) represent R- growth type of fungus. To this type belong 28% 71% strains obtained from wheat and triticale stems, respectively. Only seven isolates of R-type fungus (i.e. 13,7%) were resistant to carbendazim. These strains originated from two protected with carbendazim winter wheat field s and two, rotected winter triticale crops. All isolates of R-type were sensitive to prochloraz. This compounds appears in vitro more effective than flusilazole, propiconazole and azoxystrobin.
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