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The aim of work was to characterise the physical and chemical properties of spray dried honey preparations and the changes in these properties during storage. Spray drying was performed at inlet air temperature 160 and 200°C, atomising disk speed 32 000 and 38 000 rpm, with the use of two types of carriers: dextrin and maltodextrin. The resulting powders had the desirable physical properties: low water content and activity, complete solubility and low cohesiveness. The powders produced with the use of dextrin had higher hygroscopicity and poorer solubility, they were also characterised by the highest water absorption during storage. Powders obtained with the use of reduced atomisation speed were the most stable in terms of water absorption and the changes of hygroscopicity during storage. Solubility of all powders was stable during storage.
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Effect of soil bulk density on forest tree seedlings

75%
The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of soil bulk density in a forest nursery plot on the growth and quality parameters of Scots pine and European beech seedlings. Particular density variants were obtained using a tractor device exerting controlled pressure on the soil, while field examinations were performed on an area of ‘Kłaj’ forest nursery in Niepołomice Forest District. Three series of plots were prepared for each species, applying a unit pressure of the values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kPa, corresponding to the dry bulk density in the range of 1.03-1.19 g cm-3, and control plots without the pressure. Seeds of the examined species were sown on the prepared plots, and after 6 months of growth the seedlings were subjected to biometric analysis determining differentiation in root neck diameter, length of the above-ground part and root system, as well as dry mass of particular parts of the plant. The quality of the seedlings was also determined using the method of Schmidt-Vogt. The results obtained show that the change in dry bulk densitysoil significantly affected most of the growth parameters of theexamined seedlings. Especially high negative correlations were obtained for the length and dry mass of the root system. A significant influence of dry bulk density variant on all growth parameters of Scots pine seedlings, and on some parameters of European beech was demonstrated. An increase in soil bulk density clearly caused also a deterioration of European beech seedlings quality.
The objective of the work was to evaluate, by using the micromorphometric method, the effects of reclamation on porosity of two different clay loam soils irrigated with saline-sodic waters. Soil samples of the Ap horizon were put in cylindrical containers and irrigated with 9 types of saline-sodic waters (3 levels of salinity combined with 3 levels of sodicity). After a 4-year period, correction treatments were initiated by addition of calcium sulphate and leaching until electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio values of the drainage water matched 3 dS m-1 and 9, respectively. After 2 years of correction treatments, undisturbed soil samples were taken from the surface layer and soil thin sections for porosity measurements. Both soils did not show critical macroporosity values (> 10%, below this threshold a soil is classified as compact). Nevertheless, the soils exhibiteda different behaviour: total porosity of the Pachic Haploxeroll soil was not affected by difference in water salinity and alkalinity; on the contrary, the Udertic Ustochrept soil showed a lower porosity associated with higher salt concentration in the irrigation waters. This may be due to the different iron and aluminium sesquioxides content and, as a consequence, a different effect on soil aggregate stability.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of honey spray drying with addition of maltodextrin and gum Arabic as drying agents. The influence of the concentration of the solution subjected to drying, the type and content of the drying agents upon the physical properties of obtained powders was examined. An attempt was undertaken to obtain powder with a honey content of more than 50% d.b. Spray drying of multifloral honey with the addition of maltodextrin and gum Arabic was carried out at inlet air temperature of 180°C, feed rate of 1 mL/s and rotational speed of a disc atomizer of 39,000 rpm. The properties of obtained powders were quantified in terms of moisture content, bulk density, Hausner ratio, apparent density, hygroscopicity and wettability. Using gum Arabic it was possible to obtain a product with a higher content of honey (67% solids) than in the case of maltodextrin (50% d.b.). However, the powders obtained with gum Arabic were characterised by worse physical properties: higher hygroscopicity and cohesion, and longer wetting time.
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Resistance of bulk lathyrus to airflow

63%
The experiment was conducted to determine the airflow resistance of lathyrus. The raw material was brought from a university farm. Airflow resistances of three varieties of lathyrus (cv. NLK-40, Pratik and Ratan) were studied with a laboratory instrument at moisture content of 7.33 to 18.80, 6.75 to 18.30 and 7.90 to 19.40% (d.b.) for superficial air velocities ranging from 0.04 to 1.26, 0.04 to 1.40 and 0.04 to 1.48 m3 s-1 m-2 at bed depths of 0.2 to 0.6 m with bulk density ranging from 805 to 895, 795 to 875 and 770 to 850 kg m-3, respectively. The airflow resistance of lathyrus increased with increase in airflow rate, bulk density, bed depth and decreased with moisture content. Modified Shedd equation, Hukill and Ives equation and modified Erguns equation were examined for pressure drop prediction. Airflow resistance was accurately described by modified Shedd equation followed by Hukill and Ives equation and modified Erguns equation. The developed statistical model, comprising airflow rate, moisture content and bulk density, could fit the pressure drop data reasonably well.
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