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Antioxidant defence system (activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase), and free radical modification of lipids were determined in the gills from male and female brown trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) affected by ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN). In both males and females, lipid oxidation in the gills from UDN-affected trout showed higher values as compared to the respective control. UDN induced an increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels both in the gills of males and females. UDN caused a decrease in gill antioxidant enzyme activities. This might be due to inactivation of the abovementioned enzymes by the end products of lipid peroxidation. The importance of the glutathionemediated antioxidant defence system in protection against UDN-induced oxidative stress was demonstrated.
The quantity and characteristics of brown trout redds located in four streams of the Rudawa River basin in the Cracow Valleys Park (Park Dolinki Krakowskie) were investigated. The study was performed in late fall 2001 in the Będkówka, Kluczwoda, Racławka and Rudawka streams, all of which are left bank tributaries of the Rudawa River. A total of 328 redds were noted. The characteristics of twelve redds from each stream were described in detail, including water depth above the dome, water speed above the dome and the surface area of the redd. The contribution of certain gravel sizes in the composition of the domes was also investigated. There were no differences among the streams with reference to the surface areas of the redds or the water speed above the domes. The surface area of the redds ranged from 2081 to 3044 cm², while water speed above the dome varied from 73 to 82 cm s⁻¹. Significant differences in the water depth above the dome were noted among the different streams (from 12.58 cm in the Kluczwoda to 33.62 in the Rudawka). The contribution of fine gravel fraction (= 1 mm) also varied significantly among the streams. The highest sediment content was recorded in the Rudawka and Kluczwoda streams at 14.22 and 13.28% of the total weight of the gravel sample, respectively. This indicates that, despite the large number of redds in these watercourses, the final results of spawning could be very poor because of the probability of the asphyxiation of embryos by sediments. The Będkówka Stream is the most productive and promising trout spawning ground in the whole basin, and, as such, should be put under special protection.
The knowledge of the genetic variability and structure of Salmo trutta population is needed for effective protection of the species and rational management of the resources. A number of marker systems have been introduced to evaluate the genetic variability of trout populations. Among them, the most often used are the RAPD and SSR markers. Both marker systems are classified as type II markers (O’BRIEN 1991, LERCETEAU-KÖHLER and WEISS 2006). In this study, the genetic variability of the Salmo trutta m. fario and Salmo trutta m. trutta populations from the Rega river, and the three watercourses Sitna, Słopica and Bagnica of the Drawa river catchment area, were analysed. One stream, the Chojnówka (located outside the catchments of the above streams), was used as an extra study area. Based on two marker systems, different results were obtained. In the case of RAPD analysis, all loci were polymorphic in all populations. The use of these marker systems permitted the construction of UPGMA similarity trees. The trees revealed a division of the analysed populations into two groups: one group from the Słopica river and the other group from the remaining watercourses. In the second similarity group, two subgroups can be distinguished: one comprising the population of the sea trout from the Rega river and that of the brown trout from the Sitna river (60.7%), and the other consisting of the parr trout populations from the Chojnówka, Bagnica and Sitna (50.3–79.4%). Between the analysed populations, 100% polymorphism was found. The results indicate a high genetic variability of the studied populations. In the case of SSR analysis, 9 microsatellite loci isolated from five trout populations were described. The number of alleles at these loci ranged from 1 to 5 with an average of 2.8 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.07 to 0.66, with an average of 0.35. The results indicate high genetic variation of the populations studied.
The aim of the study was the morphological analysis of chromatophore cells in the skin of trout. Based on the material representing three species (brown trout, rainbow trout, and char), the histological examination of 60 specimens of the skin from dorsal, lateral, and ventral sides of the body was carried out. Histological analysis of the trout's dermis revealed the variability of chromatophores regarding their morphology, distribution in the skin, and physiological state. There were distinguished melanophores in the pigment aggregation state or pigment dispersion state. There were found two types of iridophores, containing light-reflecting platelets in the cytoplasm. Histological study demonstrated the changes in the trout's dermis connected with appearance of nuptial coat during the spawning season.
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