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We briefly review the limited application of marker assisted selection in past wheat breeding programmes, and contrast the current situation, where increasingly it has become feasible to tag almost any gene with a microsatellite assay. Although this capability is having an impact on the conduct of large breeding programmes, a much more profound change in breeding strategy will become possible when SNP technology has matured sufficiently so that the throughput of molecular marker-based genotyping will be able to keep pace with the numbers of plants that breeders can handle in the field. We discuss the considerations that will need to be addressed in the generation of a new breeding paradigm to take advantage of the genomics revolution.
The comparison experiments were conducted in 2001-2002 to evaluate six newly-bred strains of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea Moench.). The obtained results showed that strain 4 accomplished the main tasks of Echinacea breeding program.
In the Czech Republic, Norway spruce has a natural representation in all forest altitudinal vegetation zones, in some of which (FAVZ 1, 2 and 9), however, it is scarce. The three basic climatic ecotypes of spruce identified in the Czech territory, i.e. an upland ecotype, a higher elevation ecotype and a mountain ecotype, can be characterised on the basis of the forest altitudinal vegetation zones of their origin. The paper presents the breeding work completed so far and all the breeding programmes implemented for Norway spruce, including projects worked out for the Krkonoše National Park.
Seven triticale cultivars (Ampiac, Aubrac, Trinidad, Ticino, Lamberto, Pronto and Prado) and their F1 hybrids obtained after crossing in a line x tester scheme were examined with respect to their androgenetic effectiveness. The embryo induction rate (number of embryos per 100 anthers), green plant regeneration rate (number of green plantlets per 100 embryos), plant yield (number of green and albino plantlets per 100 anthers) and green plant yield (number of green plantlets per 100 anthers) were assessed. The multivariate and univariate effects of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for the studied traits were estimated and tested. Significant differences between the genotypes were found for individual traits as well as for all the traits treated jointly. Hybrids generally showed a better response in anther culture than their parental genotypes. Heterosis effects were observed in some hybrids for embryo induction rate and green plant yield. GCA and SCA variances were significant and a dominance of the GCA over the SCA variation was found. Among the examined cultivars, Ticino and Pronto were characterised by positive and significant GCA for embryo induction and green plant yield, and these cultivars may be recommended for the improvement of anther culture responsiveness in triticale.
The utility of haploids and DH lines for breeding programmes and basic research is discussed here. High effectiveness of haploid induction from random responding gametes and from valuable donor plants is not sufficient to ensure success in breeding. DH lines often appeared inferior to conventionally obtained inbred lines. One of the causes may be a very high level of homozygosity, in this paper referred to as excessive homozygosity. Besides, colchicine treatment as well as gametoclonal and somaclonal variation could have a negative effect on the agronomic performance of DH plants. Lack of natural selection in the first stages of haploid development is another important factor, negatively influencing haploid utility. On the other hand, there is a wide range of possibilities of using haploids as model plants for basic research. Among different applications, including mapping, genetic analysis, mutations, transformation, somatic hybridisation, biochemical and physiological studies, artificial seed production and germplasm storage, the first seems to be explored most effectively and give promising results.
Studies on genetic parameters that describe performance traits of stallions managed in Training Centres are of great importance, since they allow breeders to rationally design their breeding programmes. The outcomes of such studies also include breeding methods that are adequate for an improvement of traits which are of different heritability or which have different coefficients of correlation between them. As an effect of evaluated stallions will be significant over the decades to follow, the studies we have performed are important in terms of both theory and practice. The study covered performance test records of 2825 stallions tested in Training Centres in 1977-2000. Heritability estimates for the selected traits evaluated during performance tests were estimated with the REML method. The recorded values ranged from 0.09, for the pulse rate, to an exceptionally high record for dressage, as judged by foreign riders, reaching 0.95.
The analysis of results of mares at field performance tests was carried out. The research material consisted of 651 mares, which underwent the field performance test (FPT) in 2002-2011. The effect of the breed on the results in evaluation of free jumping, movement in walk, trot and canter, rideability and on the total score of the test was investigated. The effect of matings on the total score of the test was determined. The models inlcuded the effect of the year on the test, and the effect of the District Horse Breeder's Association, where the tests were organized. All calculations were performed using the statistical package SPSS ver. 19.0 - 2012, the GLM procedure. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it was concluded that mares of solely Polish origin had statistically significantly lower scores in comparison to the imported mares. The analysis of matings showed that Polish Halfbred mares and Wielkopolski mares which had one imported parent achieved statistically significantly higher mean values in all the evaluated traits in comparison to the mares descending from parents of Polish breeding.
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