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1

Multiple sclerosis: formation of a brain autoimmune disease

100%
Wekerle H.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2019
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tom 79
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nr Suppl.1
Recent clinical and experimental studies indicate that multiple sclerosis (MS) develops as consequence of a failed interplay between genetic and environmental factors. An ever‑growing number of risk genes have been recognised that support an autoimmune response against the body’s own brain matter. Together, these increase susceptibility to MS without actually triggering the disease. Recent experimental observations indicate that the actual trigger of the autoimmune attack is provided by an interaction of brain-specific immune cells with microbial organisms. Unexpectedly, these microbes are not necessarily responsible for infections, but are components of the healthy commensal gut flora – the intestinal microbiota. This concept opens the way for new therapeutic approaches involving modulation of the microbiota by dietary or antibiotic regimens.
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Impact of Curcuma longa extract on the expression level of brain transporters in in vivo model

100%
Bukowska M., Bogacz A., Wolek M., Mikolajczak P. L., Olbromski P., Kaminski A., Czerny B.
Herba Polonica
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2019
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tom 65
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nr 1
Introduction: Blood brain barrier and multidrug resistance phenomenon are subjects of many investigations. Mainly, because of their functions in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking the delivery of toxic substances to the brain. This special function has some disadvantages, like drug delivery to the brain in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine how natural and synthetic substances affect the expression levels of genes (Mdr1a, Mdr1b, Mrp1, Mrp2, Oatp1a4, Oatp1a5 and Oatp1c1) that encode transporters in the blood-brain barrier. Methods: cDNA was synthesized from total RNA isolated from rat hippocampus. The expression level of genes was determined using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method. Results: Our findings showed that verapamil, as a synthetic substance, caused the greatest reduction of mRNA level of genes studied. The standardized extract of Curcuma longa reduced the expression level for Mrp1 and Mrp2, whereas the increase of mRNA level was observed for Mdr1b, Oatp1a5 and Oatp1c1. Conclusions: These results suggests that herbal extracts may play an important role in overcoming the blood brain barrier during pharmacotherapy
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Caring for patients with Huntington disease - a survey of caregivers’ experiences and views

100%
Domaradzki J.
Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research
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2015
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tom 09
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nr 2
Introduction. Despite the growing interest in the consequences of caring for patients with Huntington disease (pHD), little is known about the family caregivers of such patients in Poland. Identification of their needs can improve caregivers’ wellbeing, the quality of care and condition of pHD. The aim of this study was to understand the social functioning of family caregivers of pHD and their perception of the caregiving role. Materials and methods. Data was collected from 55 family caregivers of pHD. A structured questionnaire was used consisting of 86 questions subsumed into five domains: ‘Problems’ and ‘Feelings related to caregiving’, ‘Attitude toward caregiving’, ‘Satisfaction with life’ and ‘Perception of healthcare services’. Correlations between the different scales and other characteristics were measured as potential predictors of the burden. Non-parametric statistical methods were used in the analysis. Results. Most respondents experienced a high (50.9%) or moderate (30.95%) feeling of burden. Although 70.9% of caregivers perceived caregiving positively, for many it was a source of negative feelings. Only 10.9% of respondents declared that caregiving decreased their QoL. Carers’ perception of caregiving was mostly influenced by their negative experiences with the healthcare system. Respondents’ domicile, religious practices, age, income, marital status, time of diagnosis and of caregiving, patient’s age and stage of disease also influenced their experiences. Conclusions. Health professionals and policy planners should focus on monitoring caregivers’ health, identifying their needs, sources of distress, and supporting caregivers’ coping strategies. They should also be better educated about the clinical and practical aspects of HD.
4

Potassium channels in brain mitochondria

100%
Bednarczyk P.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2009
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tom 56
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nr 3
385-392
 Potassium channels are the most widely distributed class of ion channels. These channels are transmembrane proteins known to play important roles in both normal and pathophysiological functions in all cell types. Various potassium channels are recognised as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain/spinal cord ischaemia and sepsis. In addition to their importance as therapeutic targets, certain potassium channels are known for their beneficial roles in anaesthesia, cardioprotection and neuroprotection. Some types of potassium channels present in the plasma membrane of various cells have been found in the inner mitochondrial membrane as well. Potassium channels have been proposed to regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, matrix volume and Ca2+ ion homeostasis. It has been proposed that mitochondrial potassium channels mediate ischaemic preconditioning in various tissues. However, the specificity of a pharmacological agents and the mechanisms underlying their effects on ischaemic preconditioning remain controversial. The following potassium channels from various tissues have been identified in the inner mitochondrial membrane: ATP-regulated (mitoKATP) channel, large conductance Ca2+-regulated (mitoBKCa) channel, intermediate conductance Ca2+-regulated (mitoIKCa) channel, voltage-gated (mitoKv1.3 type) channel, and twin-pore domain (mitoTASK-3) channel. It has been shown that increased potassium flux into brain mitochondria induced by either the mitoKATP channel or mitoBKCa channel affects the beneficial effects on neuronal cell survival under pathological conditions. Recently, differential distribution of mitoBKCa channels has been observed in neuronal mitochondria. These findings may suggest a neuroprotective role for the mitoBKCa channel in specific brain structures. This minireview summarises current data on brain mitochondrial potassium channels and the efforts to identify their molecular correlates.
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Importance of cannabinoids in the functioning of the central nervous system

80%
Wroblewska-Luczka P., Florek-Luszczki M., Luszczki J. J.
Health Problems of Civilization
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2018
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tom 12
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nr 3
At present, there is a great emphasis of public opinion on the legalisation of medical marijuana, i.e. the top parts of the cannabis plants rich in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nevertheless, in the cannabis plants, there are many various cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD). Scientific reports to-date indicate the possibility for using pharmacologically active cannabinoids in the treatment of such diseases/symptoms as: anorexia, vomiting, neuropathic pain, inflammatory diseases, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome), epilepsy, schizophrenia, and obesity. The article presents up-to-date information on the results of experimental studies concerning the effectiveness of cannabinoids, with particular consideration of diseases related with the central nervous system, including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, mental disorders, as well as obesity and anorexia.
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Locusts as models for studying brain diseases and behaviour

80%
Goldsworthy G. J., Khan N. A.
Pestycydy
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2007
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nr 3-4
5-10
Two examples illustrate the use of locusts as models for the study of brain disease and behaviour. First, immune challenge induces sickness behaviour in locusts: immune challenge with laminarin induces anorexia, paralleling phenomena seen in other animals including mammals. Laminarin-induced anorexia in locusts can be blocked by Mianserin, suggesting the involvement of serotonergic receptors. Second, the blood-brain barrier in locusts can be used to study virulence factors in Escherichia coli K1, one of the causative agents of bacterial meningitis in humans: two of the known virulence determinants in mammals, OmpA and CNF1, are also essential for invasion of the locust CNS.
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