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Ciliates constitute an important trophic link in aquatic environments, because they are essential food sources for zooplankton and fish. In this study, the spatial differences in abundance and composition of ciliate communities in relation to varying water salinity were investigated. The study was conducted in the large, brackish, eutrophic lakes Gardno and Łebsko. In the studied lakes, no significant differences among ciliate communities were identified among sampling sites. Ciliate communities in Lake Łebsko were characterized by a high contribution of tintinnids, with mean values at particular sites between 32% and 36%. In Lake Gardno, where salinity was lower, the importance of tintinnid ciliates increased after a marine water intrusion into the lake. In both lakes, the importance of tintinnids in ciliate communities was higher than in adjacent fresh and marine waters. Shortly after wind-driven intrusions of marine waters (backwaters), the marine and brackish mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was observed in both lakes. Once, in the eastern part of Lake Łebsko, Mesodinium major (= Mesodinium rubrum forma major) was observed after a strong backwater when salinity reached 5.4 PSU.
The importance of ciliates as a trophic link, which is defined as a fraction of the energy bound by primary producers that is transferred through the ciliate community, was assessed in the pelagic zones of shallow, eutrophic, and estuarine lakes. The study was conducted in Lake Gardno and Lake Łebsko located in northern Poland. Each of these lakes is characterized by very high mean annual ciliate biomasses of 115 μg C -1 (Lake Gardno, April 2006 – April 2007), 107 μg C L-1 (Lake Gardno, February 2007 – February 2008), 85 μg C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – November 2007), and 127 μg C L-1 (Lake Łebsko, April – September 2008). Ciliate production was estimated using allometric equations and was compared to primary production measured with the light-and-dark bottles method. Annual, depth-integrated ciliate secondary production corresponded to 9 and 11% (Lake Gardno, two consecutive years studied) and 12% (Lake Łebsko, the same value for two growing seasons studied) of primary production. These values exceed the majority of other estimates in the literature, which indicates the high importance of ciliates in such highly-productive, shallow lakes.
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