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The study was performed on nasal swabs, tracheal samples, and sera obtained from young beef heifers aged between 6 and 12 months, from farms in eastern and south-eastern Poland. The samples were evaluated using bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) ELISA kits (ELISA BHV1 antibody and ELISA BHV1 antigen) and PCR. Among all the animals examined, 37 (32.2%) were positive in the ELISA BHV1 antigen test. The presence of BHV-1 was confirmed by PCR in 42 (36.5%) animals. In the ELISA BHV1 antibody test, 39 (33.9%) seropositive animals were identified. The presence of BHV-1 positive samples was observed in all the examined breeds of young cattle. There were no significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in BHV-1 positive samples. The results indicate that the incidence of BHV-1 infections in feedlot cattle herds studied was 32.2%-36.5%, which suggests that preventive measures should be implemented in order to limit transmission of the virus.
The objective of this study was to estimate a herd-level seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) in herds with clinical symptoms of the respiratory tract. Eighty-three herds with suspected BHV-1 infection were selected and divided into two categories with respect to their size: small (n=27) and large herds (n=56). Samples were collected from calves, heifers and cows older than 24 months. Seroprevalence was determined using the gB ELISA test. The herd level seroprevalence was estimated as 53% (44/83) in the tested herds, 11.1% (3/27) in the small herds and 73.2% (41/56) in the large herds. Our study suggests that the current biosecurity measures still warrant improvement.
A serological study of BoHV-1 distribution was conducted in Lithuania from 2005 to 2009. Antibody level was measured using a commercial ELISA. For serological examination, 15,368 random blood samples from cattle of different age, gender, and size of herd, which was unvaccinated against IBR, were collected in 37 districts. It was registered that 11.97% of BoHV-1 were seropositive samples. It was also shown that BOHV-1 is most widespread in cattle herds with population >200 individuals (14.79%). Comparison of different sex groups of cattle revealed that the highest number of infected animals was identified in cows (34.64%) and the lowest in bulls (2.01%). In heifers the number of infected animals was 10.01% and in calves - 4.41%. It was shown that seroprevalence of BoHV-1 infection in Lithuania increased with age of animals. The highest prevalence of BoHV-1 (53.98%) was registered in cattle aged more than 7 years.
Eight ten-week old calves, seronegative to BHVl,were divided at random into 2 groups of four. One group was infected with the Cooper (IBR) strain, while the other group was treated with the 509/89 (IPV) strain. Their humoral immunologic response to the virus was cross tested using the seroneutralisation (SN) test (with both strains) and an immunoenzymatic (IBR - EIA, Svanova) test. However, allergic skin tests using two preparations that were obtained from the above mentioned strains,were applied in the same way as in a tuberculin test. The tests showed that immunogenic properties of the used strains are similar (the mean titres of antibodies in both groups did not differ significantly) but they differ as far as antigenic features are concerned. Lower titres of antibodies were detected with the 508/89 (IPV) strain than with the Cooper (IBR) strain. Humoral immunologic response, tested with EIA, was positive in calves infected with the (IPV) strain (on the 35th day p.i.) and negative in the Cooper (IBR) strain infected group. Allergic tests using „homo- and heterological" preparations, showed that a delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) of skin developed in animals from the IPV group on day 35 p.i. (heterological preparation), whereas on day 56 p.i. in the case of the homological preparation. The DTH of skin was maintained up to the end of the experiment. Calves from the IBR group, tested for skin allergy with both preparations, reacted only sporadically positively. The possible reasons for the confirmed differences have been discussed.
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Amplification of DNA from bovine herpesvirus type 1

51%
The aim of the study was to adapt PCR for detection of BHV 1 after in vitro multiplication. Primers were synthesised for a fragment of the gIV glycoprotein gene of the reference Cooper strain of BHV 1. Polish BHV 1 isolates obtained in the 1970s from bull semen were examined. A positive amplification occurred for the strains belonging to subtype BHV 1.2 and subtype BHV1.1. No amplification has occurred with the DNA of EHV 1 and Aujeszky’s disease virus, which confirmed the specificity of the primers used. The specificity of amplification was proved by digestion of the PCR products with Alu I, Ava I, Bgl I, and Hind III restriction enzymes. The electrophoretic pattern of the PCR products digested with these enzymes was in conformity with the restriction map of the amplified fragment.
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