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The paper presents new localities of Coleanthus subtilis identifi ed in spring 2012 on the bottoms of two drained ponds in the Ruda Sułowska Complex “Milicz Ponds” Ornithological Reserve in Wielkopolska region. Both ponds showed very numerous fully developed populations of the discussed species. A potential threat of this species extinction exists and therefore its legal protection is necessary.
The Vistula Lagoon is situated along the south-eastern shore of the Gulf of Gdańsk and is linked with the gulf through the Strait of Baltiysk. Separated from the open sea by the Vistula Spit, the Vistula Lagoon is a shallow body of water with a mean depth of 3 m; the bottom is covered with a layer of mud several metres thick. This article presents a unique, newly discovered locality of tree stumps occurring in situ at the bottom of the Vistula Lagoon. The radiocarbon age of the alder stumps and the top of the peat in which they are rooted is Subboreal. The alder wood was dated to 4770±35 and 3295±35 years BP. The top layers of peat were dated to 4670±40, 4410±35 and 3690±35 years BP. The considerable scatter of the dates indicates the significance of erosional processes during marine transgressions. Radiocarbon dates and pollen analyses indicate that in the late Atlantic – early Subboreal periods, the water level of the Vistula Lagoon was about 3 m lower than it is today. The −2 m level was passed no earlier than c. 3500 years ago; the −1 m level was reached around 2000 years ago.
In looking for factors affecting Chironomus plumosus (L.) abundance and its fluctuations − the comparison of its numbers has been done in the bottom (at 6 m depth) and in “mesocosms” – trays with the same bottom sediment elevated 0.4-1.2 meter above the bottom. The experiment was carried out, in a shallow, strongly eutrophic, polymictic, lowland dam reservoir, where theabundance of Chironomus is among the highest in nature. The total abundance was on the average several times higher and more stable and larvae developed more quickly in trays over the bottom than in the same mud at the bottom. All this was probably due to better and more stable oxygen conditions above the bottom than at it’s very surface. Usually no differences in the abundance were found between levels 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m above the bottom, what indicates that conditions at all these levels were similar and different from those at the very bottom. The average density, and especially spring peak numbers in and above the bottom, were much higher in the year 1993 than in 1996 (the ratio of average numbers 1993/96 being similar – 2.3 and 2.6 for the bottom and trays respectively). It was probably due to a higher food supply (mostly small diatoms) by rivers and also due to weaker spring water flow in 1993. The very strong decline from high spring peak numbers to summer minimum seems to result from interconnections between larvae and perhaps also increased fish pressure, after the spawning period.
A new instrument, an Autonomous Hydroacoustic System, was designed to probe a water column acoustically from the bottom to the sea surface. It is capable of operating from a depth of 100 m self sufficiently for up to 10 days. A brief description of its construction and electronic design is provided. Preliminary results from the first field study consisting of a 90-hour series of backscattering measurements are presented.
The long-term evolution of the river beds of Nida River in Pińczów and Wiślica gauging station as well as an analysis of the causes of significant cases of lowering of the bottom of stream beds are presented in the paper. The intensity of river bed evolution as a stochastic process is described with the use of a statistical model. The analysis of the intensity of the process of river bed erosion was conducted under the assumption that the observed long-term trend of the lowest annual water levels reflect the elevation of the river bottom in the same years. The recorded observations at the Pińczów and Wiślica gauging stations on the Nida River, covering over 70-year period of time, are analyzed. Observations of the variability in the studied bottom levels over the decades allow concluding that the great transformation of riverbeds occurred there. The observations and calculations show that in Pińczów multistream or meandering river bed changed into straight channel and the process of shallowing of the river bed appeared. At the Wiślica gauging station the process of riverbed erosion with the variable intensity was observed. The research shows that the causes of these changes observed in Pińczów and Wiślica are not natural, but rather of human activity.
A population of Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret 1789 was studied in the Polish coastal zone (up to 3 Nautical miles) of the Baltic Sea within the Puck Bay and part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The frequency (F) in the sheltered coastal zone of bays was high (65%), whereas at the exposed open coast of the Middle Pomerania it was lower (43%). Also, abundance in the Puck Bay and the Gulf of Gdańsk was over 3-fold higher than in the coastal zone of the Middle Pomerania. By means of classic statistical methods (essential tests) we proved the significance of differences between mean abundance at west and east transects in estuaries and between open coast and estuaries. The multivariate regression and classification trees (MR&CT) indicated that biomass and abundance of C. glaucum in the Baltic Sea were affected by the kind of bottom, whereas depth and distance to the bank influenced cockles' abundance and biomass in bays. The population's structure in the Puck Bay and the Gulf of Gdańsk was determined mainly by the depth. In the Wieprza River estuary only specimens from age group 1+ were found. On all the other studied profiles cockles lived up to 3 or 4 years and the dominant group was 2+. The highest mean width of shell was in the Słupia River estuary, and in the bays shell width increased from west to east. In comparison to the other bivalves inhabiting the discussed area, C. glaucum does not play an important role as food source for fish and other consumers but may serve as an indicator of environmental conditions.
The world-wide research on ship-aided dispersal of marine organisms and invasions of non-indigenous species focuses primarily on the plankters, which show the greatest potential for invading new areas and establishing viable populations in them, either in the water column (holoplankton) or on the bottom (meroplanktonic larvae of benthic species settling on the sea floor). As meiobenthic animals usually lack a pelagic larval stage in their life cycle, no biological invasion study has, to our knowledge, ever specifically targeted marine transport as a means of meiofaunal dispersal. Here we present a set of data showing that the sediment deposited in a ship’s ballast water tank does support a viable meiobenthic assemblage. We examined 0.015-dm3 aliquots of a 1 dm3 sample from a c. 1.5-cm thick layer of sediment residue in the ballast tank of MS Donnington, brought to the ‘Gryfia’ Repair Shipyard in Szczecin (Poland). The samples were found to contain representatives of calcareous Foraminifera, hydrozoans, nematodes, turbellarians, harpacticoid copepods and their nauplii, and cladocerans, as well as meiobenthic-sized bivalves and gastropods. Nematodes proved to be the most constant and most numerous component of the assemblage. The sediment portions examined revealed the presence of 1–11 individuals representing 11 marine nematode genera. The viability of the meiobenthic assemblage was evidenced by the presence of ovigerous females of both nematodes and harpacticoids. Survival of the meiobenthos in shipborne ballast tank sediment residues may provide at least a partial explanation for the cosmopolitan distribution of meiobenthic taxa and may underlie the successful colonisation of new habitats by invasive meiofaunal species.
Dreissena polymorpha inhabits about 46.5% of the bottom area in Lake Dabie. It is most abundant in the northern part of the lake and sporadically occurs in its southern part. The average density of the zebra mussel is 891 individuals/m², while its wet weight is 1374 g/ m². In the settled areas the density of the zebra mussel reaches 1734 individuals/ m². There were presently established 7 age-groups from 0 to 6+. The highest number of specimens occurred in the age-groups between 1+ and 3+, while the lowest number - in the groups 0, 5 and 6+. Strong eutrophication and pollution of Lake Dabie on its southern side, combined with sedimentation of the extensive amounts of seston carried in by the Płonia and Regalica rivers, do not create favourable conditions for development of Dreissena. D. polymorpha plays a very positive role in the lake ecosystem through its biofiltrating action, contributing thus to an increase of water clarity and to limitation of phytoplankton development through cumulating nutrients in its biomass. Electrophoretic analysis of 9 enzymatic loci revealed strong polymorphism of the studied population of the zebra mussel: percent of polymorphic loci - 100, mean number of alleles in locus – 3.4, coefficient of expected heterozygosity per locus in the population, HS - 0.335, percentage of separate genotypes - 69%, in this number unique genotypes - 58%. A very strong scattering of the alleles was stated within the entire population. In each aggregation, on average, 90% of the specimens have a separate genotype. Each of the five defined groups of D. polymorpha, representing profiles I-V, respectively, had similar genetic composition. The values of the genetic similarity among the studied groups of the zebra mussel ranged from 0.96 to 0.99.
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