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The toxic action of cadmium in the bone tissue is known, but its mechanisms are still unexplained. We examined whether Cd influences collagen content and its solu­bility in the femoral bone of three-week-old female rats exposed to 5 or 50 mg Cd/l in drinking water. Non-cross linked collagen was extracted with 0.5 M acetic acid, and two acid-insoluble collagen fractions were extracted with pepsin and 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride, respectively. SDS/PAGE showed the presence of two colla­gen types, I and V, in all three extracted fractions. Exposure of rats to Cd for 6 months increased the amount of acid-soluble collagens type I and V and decreased the level of acid-insoluble collagens. The amount of total collagen extracted from the bones of rats exposed to 50 mg Cd/l was reduced by about 14% as compared to con­trol and those intoxicated with 5 mg Cd/l. The solubility of type I bone collagen (de­termined as the percentage of acetic-soluble fraction of total collagen) was increased 2.9- and 3.0-fold in rats intoxicated with 5 and 50 mg Cd/l, respectively. Similarly, the solubility of type V collagen was increased 2.3- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Our re­sults indicate that Cd treatment affects bone collagen by decreasing its content and increasing its solubility.
The obturator foramen is a large opening in the hip bone situated below and anterior to the acetabulum. The obturator foramen is enclosed by the obturator membrane, apart from the part above near the obturator groove, where the obturator vessels and nerve pass through. The present study reports multiple openings in the obturator foramen detected incidentally in a left hip bone specimen and discusses its clinical implications. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of multiple openings associated with the obturator foramen is rare and has not been reported in any standard textbook of anatomy or in any research study. Anatomical knowledge of the presence of such anomalies may be clinically important for radiologists interpreting skiagrams and surgeons performing operative procedures in the hip region.
The objective of this retrospective study was to report the history, signalment, frequency, types, complications, and long-term outcome of long bone fractures in cattle treated using external coaptation techniques. The sex, age, breed, history, physical examination findings, and radiographic findings were recorded. Of 35 cases with long bone fractures treated using external coaptation, 31 were discharged alive. The mean hospitalization time for these cattle was 2 days. Six to 12 months after treatment, 26 (84%) cases were considered satisfactorily healed. It was concluded that cattle with long bone fractures could be treated successfully using external coaptation with minimal effect on productivity.
The paper presents the results obtained from analysis of the correlation between cranial dimensions (length, width, and height) and indices against the complexity of the sagittal suture, which was expressed as the ratio between absolute sutural length to the linear length of the suture. The statistical study on 29 skulls shows a significant negative correlation between the height/width index of all skulls and suture complexity (r = –0.78 for male, r = –0.70 for female skulls) and a negative correlation between cranial height and suture complexity in male skulls only (r = –0.49). This implies that lower and broader skulls have a more complicated sagittal suture. Correlations of the height/length and width/ /length ratios were assessed as statistically insignificant in both sexes.
Variations in the configuration of the bony septum found in patients with split cord malformations are rare. We report the seemingly rare occurrence of a midline bony septum that ended posteriorly as a fully formed bony spinous process. We speculate that this variation is due to misplaced mesodermal cells associated with the primitive endomesenchymal tract during approximately the third week of foetal life. The clinician that manages these patients may wish to consider this rare morphology and avoid excessive manipulation of such a process, which could potentially injure an underlying hemicord.
The effects of sex and age of wild American mink Mustela vison Schreber, 1777 were investigated on four characteristics (thickness, cross-sectional area, shear force, and shear stress) of humeri and femurs. Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were higher (p < 0.001) in males for both bones. Shear forces for both bones were higher (p < 0.01) in males. Age significantly (p < 0.07) affected shear stress of humeri. Increase in bone strength in males appears related to increase in bone thickness and cross-sectional area only and not to increases in shear stress. Bone geometry appears to respond to changes in body size while maintaining a constant or minimum value of shear-stress.
The fluoride content in drinking water and hen ankle bones of 48 localities in northern and central Poland was determined. The mean fluoride concentration in water was 0.1 - 0.4 mg/1, in bones 0.4 - 0.6 mg/g. An insignificat correlation between the fluoride content in hen bones and drinking water was found in this study. Hen bones are not well suited for use as a bioindicator for assessment of environmental fluoride pollution.
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