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1

The body size wild boar during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia

100%

Magnell O.

Acta Theriologica

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2004

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tom 49

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nr 1

In order to study the body size of wild boar Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 during the Boreal and Atlantic Chronozones in southern Scandinavia, 12 measurements of teeth and bones from 32 Mesolithic sites from Scania (Sweden) and Zealand and Jutland (Denmark) were analysed. The Osteometrie analysis revealed that the body size of wild boar from Scania did not change during the period. The results indicate that the changes of ecological conditions during the transition from the Boreal to the Atlantic chronozones did not affect wild boar in the same way as red deer and roe deer, which decreased in body size during the period. The tooth size of wild boar from Zealand is smaller than in wild boar from Jutland and Scania during the Late Atlantic Chronozones, which probably is the result of the isolation of the population when Zealand became an island. Calculations of withers height show that wild boar in southern Scandinavia during the Atlantic Chronozones were of similar body size as recent wild boar from eastern Europe.

2

Hoof size as related to body size in the horse (Equus caballus)

86%

Stachurska A., Kolstrung R., Pieta M., Silmanowicz P.

Animal Science Papers and Reports

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2011

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tom 29

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nr 3

The study was conducted to find out the most reliable parameter of the hoof size in relation to the horse body size, exemplified in mares. The mares of four breeds belonging to different origin types were examined: Purebred Arabian, halfbred Anglo-Arabian, primitive Polish Konik and Polish Cold-Blood, 77 mares in total. The mares were four to 13 years old, classified into three age groups. Three body measurements were taken: height at withers, chest circumference and canzon circumference. The boniness index (cannon circumference to height at withers ratio) was also defined. After trimming, three left fore hoof measurements were taken: toe length, solar length and hoof width. Total length and width were calculated as a hoof solar size measure. On the basis of the parameters obtained, nine fore hoof to body dimension ratios were defined. To evaluate the results, least squares means analysis was used and correlation coefficients between body parameters (1), between hoof parameters (2), as well as between body and hoof parameters (3) were identified. The results show the hoof to body dimension ratios grow according to the increasing canzon circumference to height at withers ratio. The hoof width to chest circumference ratio was found to be a useful parameter of the hoof size. The means (%) obtained (5.93±0.10, 6.41±0.08, 6.56±0.11 and 7.26±0.09 in Purebred Arabian, Anglo-Arabian, Polish Konik and Polish Cold-Blood horses,respectively) are suggested as standards to which individual ratios in mares of similar breeds May be compared judging the horse’s conformation. The age hardly affected the hoof solar size to height at withers ratio in mares four to nine years old.

3

Size does not matter – no evidence for assortative mating by body size in the Mute Swan Cygnus olor

86%

Wlodarczyk R., Minias P., Janiszewski T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 2

Finding a mate of high quality is of key importance for reproducing birds, and thus positive assortative mating is commonly observed in avian populations. Although assortative mating by age, body size, condition or ornamental traits was reported for many bird taxa, there is a scarcity of empirical evidence for such mating patterns in wildfowl. We studied mating patterns in the Mute Swan Cygnus olor from the Central-European population. We analysed four body measurements (total wing length, forearm length, head length, foot web width) in 91 different breeding pairs. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence for assortative mating by any of the collected biometrical measurements and by overall structural size (PC1 from all measured skeletal traits). Further, Mute Swans mated randomly by the size of bill knob, which is considered a sexually selected ornament in this species. We suggest that in the species with long-term pair bonds and monogamous breeding system, such as the Mute Swan, the benefits from large size of mates may be less important for positive reproductive output than other individual traits, e.g., age or previous breeding experience.

4

Relation between body-size and thermoregulation behavior: postprandial thermophily in spiny-tailed agama Uromastyx acanthinura Bell

86%

Berec M., Stara Z., Polakova S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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tom 62

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nr 1

Ectothermal vertebrates regulate their body temperature within definite limits to maintain physiological processes at their optimal levels. Among others, food processing and absorption are strongly temperature-dependent. Deficiency of adequate temperatures limits ectotherms in growth and maintenance. On the other hand, thermoregulatory behavior is costly and should be constrained by many factors. Using artificial thermal gradients (26–44℃ ), we measured temperature preferences of 10 spiny-tailed agamas (Uromastyx acanthinura) in controlled indoor experiment. Each lizard could choose place in the terrarium before and after feeding. Then, temperature preferences during pre-feeding and post-feeding periods were compared. We found significant increase of preferred temperature after feeding. Detailed view revealed that there is consistent influence of body size: bigger lizards maintained higher temperature during the whole experiment. We hypothesize that bigger potential predation risk on smaller lizards due to their size would force them to choose less optimal conditions.

5

Why are shrews so small? The costs and benefits of small size in Northern temperate Sorex species in the context of foraging habits and prey supply

86%

Churchfield S.

Acta Theriologica. Supplement

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2002

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tom 47

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nr 1

This paper reviews the ecological advantages and disadvantages of very small body size in Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 shrews living at high latitudes with cold winters. It examines the feeding and foraging habits of small and large shrews in the context of prey supply, location of winter prey sources, territory requirements, habitat exploitation and inter-specific competition. Data on feeding habits and prey availability show that the major costs of small size are a reduction in food niche breadth and prey biomass resulting from restrictions on the type and size of prey eaten, and large territory requirements. Major benefits of small size are the ability to subsist on small, numerous and accessible arthropods with high encounter rates, enabling coexistence with larger congeners and exploitation of low-productivity habitats less suitable for larger earthworm-eating species. Small size, coupled with low per capita food intake, is shown to be of special adaptive value in cold winters when food supply is restricted mostly to small arthropods, and earthworms are few.

6

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Potential rate of reproduction for some geographically separate populations of Pseudocalanus spp.

86%

Dzierzbicka-Glowacka L., Zielinski A.

Oceanologia

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2004

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tom 46

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nr 1

Quantitative expressions are presented describing the potential reproductive rate per individual female of Pseudocalanus spp. in several different waters (not reduced by food limitation) as a function of both temperature and cephalothorax length of females (one equation for each studied region). The calculations were made for some geographically separate populations of Pseudocalanus spp. from southwest Baffin Island, Nova Scotia, Long Island Sound, Scotland, as well as the southern North Sea and its adjacent waters (e.g. the English Channel). On the basis of the findings presented in this work and from other studies, the reproductive rate was computed as the mean number of eggs per sac divided by 1.25 times the embryonic duration at the given temperature. Also computed was the amount of egg matter produced per day as a percentage of body carbon (and dry weight) of female weight for all localities. The relationships for females from the southern North Sea were obtained for ‘viable eggs’, but they should be treated with reserve. A more suitable expression describing egg production in the southern North Sea is the equation for females from the English Channel obtained here. Our assumptions and approximations appear to predict quite well the temperature-length of female dependent daily rates of egg production of well-fed females of Pseudocalanus spp. for the above waters, and we suggest that they can be used to test the hypothesis more thoroughly.

7

Differences in troglomorphism and sexual dimorphism in two sympatric subtroglophile crickets of genus Troglophilus (Insecta: Orthoptera)

72%

Jugovic J., Sumer N.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2021

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tom 69

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nr 1

8

Redescription of Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Kahl, 1926) Jankowski, 1964 (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) from a hot spring in Iceland with identification key for Dexiotricha species

72%

Qu Z., Groben R., Marteinsson V., Agatha S., Filker S., Stoeck T.

Acta Protozoologica

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2018

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tom 57

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nr 2

9

Body size distributions of Eastern European Diptera

72%

Ulrich W., Szpila K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 4

557-568

Weight distributions of Eastern European Diptera (estimated from 7966 species body length data compiled from Stackelberg and Nartshuk 1969, 1970) differ from respective distributions of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Nematoceran size distributions were predominantly right skewed while the Brachycera tended to have symmetric and left skewed distributions. Skeweness of size distributions was for Nematocera positively and for Brachycera negatively correlated with genus mean body weight. Genera of smaller mean body weight were significantly species richer than larger sized genera. Our findings are consistent with an evolutionary model that assumes body size dependent speciation and extinction rates.

10

Redescription of Caligus serratus Shiino, 1965 (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on eleven fish species from Chamela Bay in the Mexican Pacific

72%

Morales-Serna F. N., Hernandez-Inda Z. L., Gomez S., Leon G. P.-P.

Acta Parasitologica

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 3

Caligus serratus Shiino, 1965 (Copepoda: Caligidae), a parasite on 11 fish species caught in Chamela Bay off the Pacific Coast of Mexico, is redescribed based on material found on Pacific agujon needlefish Tylosurus pacificus (Steindachner, 1876). Caligus serratus can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: i) short abdomen (approximately 0.2 times as long as cephalothorax), ii) pointed posteromedial process on the first segment of the antenna, iii) sternal furca with bluntly pointed, diverging tines, and iv) leg 4 exopod bearing 3 unequal, distal spines (the shortest 0.2 times the length of the longest). Microphotographs of female and illustrations of both female and male are provided. The redescription of this species might be useful given its low host specificity.

11

Tissue metabolism in the common shrew and the bank vole

72%

Malzahn E.

Acta Theriologica

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1974

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tom 19

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nr 14-25

12

Local ecotypes of roe deer populations (Capreolus capreolus L.) in relation to morphometric features and fur colouration in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula

72%

Horcajada-Sanchez F., Barja I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 1

The extent of the area occupied by populations of roe deer and the diversity of environments in which it lives, determine the existence of different local forms or ecotypes. In order to characterize the populations of the Guadarrama Mountains in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula we examined the morphology and fur colouration of 154 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) based on their body size, age and sex. To determine the age of roe deer, we analyzed tooth cementum layers (incisor I1) to observe the growth lines. The remaining individual data (body size, sex and fur colouration) were obtained in the field, from animals hunted in the study area. In adult individuals, the average body weight in males was significantly higher than in females, being these weight ranges similar to those of the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. Body measurements were positively related to individuals age, but only significant differences in body girth were found between males and females. The analysis of fur colouration of dead specimens showed a high variability with four different ecotypes during the summer coat and not significant differences were found in the body size between individuals with different summer coats. The morphological parameters described in the roe deer of the Guadarrama Mountains do not correspond with the latitudinal gradient as it was indicated for other Spanish populations. However, the existence of Pleistocene refuges in the central mountains of the Iberian Peninsula seems to have provided a high variety of ecotypes in relation to fur colouration in the populations of Guadarrama Mountains.

13

Correlation between selected biometric traits of adult Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and size of their exitholes: new perspectives on insect studies?

72%

Ciach M., Michalcewicz J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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tom 61

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nr 2

Larval galleries and exit holes of adult insects in wood and bark are a conspicuous indication of the occurrence of many species. Therefore it allows the qualitative and quantitative examination of insect populations. However, evaluation of adult body size based on the size and shape of galleries and exit holes was not practiced. We analyzed relationship between selected biometric traits (pronotal width, elytral width, and length of elytron) of adult Rosalia alpina (L.) − an endangered representative of the longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) − and the size and shape of their exit holes. Based on the laboratory reared individuals, we evaluate the size and shape of exit hole of each adult. Adult biometric traits were strongly correlated with each other. No sexual differences were found in adult beetle size and exit hole size and shape. The size of exit holes was, however, a good indicator of adult body size. The correlation between exit hole size and the size of adult R. alpina was highly significant for all studied traits, whereas exit hole shape was weakly correlated with adult size. The results of this study show new possibilities for applying the size of adult exit holes to study and wider characterize populations of R. alpina, which includes e.g. inter-population, inter-habitat, or inter-host material comparisons and determination of adult body size changes over time-period.

14

Body size distribution of spider species in various forest habitats

72%

Stanska M., Stanski T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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tom 65

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nr 4

The body size is one of the main attributes of living organisms. The knowledge of body size patterns of co-occurring species and the related factors can contribute to the understanding of many ecological processes. The aim of the study was the analysis of the distribution of the spider species of different size in heterogeneous forest habitats: ground, herbaceous vegetation, tree trunks and leaves. The research was conducted in deciduous stands of the Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland). Spiders were collected by: a) pitfall traps and sieving the litter through an entomological sieve for the ground layer; b) sweep-netting for herbaceous vegetation; c) bark traps for tree trunks and d) shaking the branches of trees and shrubs for leaves. In total, 247 spider species belonging to 22 families were recorded: 195 species in the ground layer, 122 in herbaceous vegetation, 60 on trunks, and 48 on leaves. The analysis revealed that ground layer was inhabited by the small sized species (mean 5.2 ± 0.11 mm) while larger species inhabited herbaceous vegetation (mean 6.6 ± 0.26 mm), trunks (7.2 ± 0.20 mm) and leaves (6.8 ± 0.41 mm). Moreover, the mean species body size decreased with the increasing number of collected species. Several potential mechanisms are discussed as those determining the preference of various sized spider species in particular habitats like different microclimatic conditions, the nutritional quality of prey and predation. Moreover, the very likely reason of differences in the size of spider species between the ground layer and other habitats is the most complex structure of the former habitat.

15

On some problems of reproduction of ruff, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L., 1758) in the Lake Dabie

72%

Neja Z.

Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria

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1988

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tom 18

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nr 2

16

Nutrition quality, body size and two components of mating behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

72%

Pavkovic-Lucic S., Kekic V.

Folia Biologica

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 1-2

113-117

17

Individual condition evaluation of female European Roe Deer by biometric measurement

72%

Czyzowski P., Karpinski M., Drozd L., Tajchman K.

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Animal Husbandry

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2009

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tom 12

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nr 4

18

No recent temporal changes in body size of three Danish rodents

72%

Yom-Tov Y., Yom-Tov S., Jensen T. S., Baagoe H.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 1

We used museum collections to study temporal trends of possible changes in skull size, body mass and body length in three species of rodents in Denmark. Skulls of adult Microtus agrestis, Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus, collected between 1895 and 2004, 1847 and 2002, and 1895 and 2002, respectively, were measured and data on body mass and length were taken from the museum registers. Principal component (PC) analysis was used to combine data of the four skull measurements taken. We tested the relationship of sex, latitude, longitude, month and year of collection to PC1 by a General Linear Model (GLM). PC1, body length and body mass of M. agrestis significantly increased from west to east. In addition, PC1, body mass and body length of M. agrestis declined from summer (August) through autumn and winter to spring (March), probably due to the decline in food availability towards winter. None of the other factors examined (sex, latitude and year) were significantly related to body size. PC1 of A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus was not significantly related to any of the environmental factors examined.

19

Circadian rhythms of ground living spiders: mechanisms of coexistence strategy based on the body size

72%

Krumpalova Z., Tuf I. H.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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tom 61

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nr 3

Circadian rhythms of activity are one of the many cases of the multidimensional mechanisms of species coexistence. Except of others, the mechanisms of coexistence strategy of spiders involve habitat, seasonal occurrence, food offers and body size of spiders. Circadian rhythm of activity of ground living spiders in floodplain forest and clearcut along the Morava River in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic, Central Europe) was studied. Activity of whole community was asymmetrical, diurnal activity was more frequent than nocturnal. Abundant species were analysed closely. Patterns of similarity in syntopic spider groups suggested the body size is significant factor influencing their circadian activity. We found out the predominantly small species achieved bimodal pattern of activity, influenced by the different activity of males and females. Generally we can conclude that spiders smaller than 5 mm were active during late night-morning and spiders bigger than 5 mm were active during afternoon and evening. This pattern was associated with changes of temperature of soil surface – big spiders were active during warmer parts of day. The presented data provide evidence of body-size differences among the spiders enable their coexistence in assemblages.

20

Effect of microhabitat variability on body size in Drosophila subobscura

72%

Stamenkovic-Radak M., Rasic G., Cuckovic M., Savic T., Andjelkovic M.

Folia Biologica

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 1-2

51-56

Ograniczanie wyników

The body size wild boar during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia

Hoof size as related to body size in the horse (Equus caballus)

Size does not matter – no evidence for assortative mating by body size in the Mute Swan Cygnus olor

Relation between body-size and thermoregulation behavior: postprandial thermophily in spiny-tailed agama Uromastyx acanthinura Bell

Why are shrews so small? The costs and benefits of small size in Northern temperate Sorex species in the context of foraging habits and prey supply

Potential rate of reproduction for some geographically separate populations of Pseudocalanus spp.