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In this paper the content of catechins in black fermented tea, imported to Poland by sea from China, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi and Vietnam, was determined. The material was collected directly from ship cargo holds. An isocratic elution system was applied for the separation of catechins in tea. Extracts were prepared from tea samples and analysed for catechin content by HPLC. Catechin identification from chromatograms of examined tea extracts was performed by comparison of retention times with respective standards purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC shows that examined tea contained (-)-(EGCG) in highest quantities, ranging from 148.9-292.3 mg/l, as proved by comparative analysis with a chromatogram of catechin standards, based on their retention times. Only Chinese tea contained more (-)-(EGC) - 266.2, and (-)-(EC) - 193.6, than (-)-(EGCG) - 148.9 mg/l.
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of brewing time on the content of select trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd) in homogeneous and mixed herbs used in therapy of digestive system diseases and in regulation of digestive processes. The study involved 10 types of preparations of herbal teas (mono- and multi-component sachets) acting on the gastrointestinal tract and digestive processes. Also, four types of black teas were examined for comparison. Aqueous extracts were made from each sample. As the manufacturers recommend herbal teas to be brewed for 5-15 min, in our study analyses were carried out for aqueous extracts brewed for 5 and 10 min. Contents of minerals in dry matter of the analyzed herbal and black teas and herbal blends were very differentiated, which could be due to species diversity and origin of the raw material. The brewing time had no significant effect on the percentage of the analyzed microelements extraction to the aqueous phase, however in the case of copper, manganese and lead the longer time of extraction resulted in a reduced yield of this process. An opposite dependency was noted in the case of iron, cadmium, and zinc.
Background. Tea and coffee are the potentially rich source of oxalic acid, which can act as a antinutrient. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the content of soluble oxalates in teas and coffees available on the Polish market. Material and method. The green, red and black teas, and black natural ground and instant coffees were used for preparing the infusions. The manganometric method was used for the determination of the oxalates in the infusions. Results. The mean oxalates content in the infusions from 3 g of black teas was 115.68 mg/100cm3 and was higher as compared to red teas (101.91 mg/100cm3) and green teas (87.64 mg/100cm3). Disregarding the variety of analyzed teas, the largest oxalates content was in infusions of pure one-component tea - “Sir Roger” (164.82-174.22 mg/100cm3), while the lowest oxalates content was noted in the tea containing the components from other plants (“Bio-Active” with grapefruit juice – reaching as low level as 39.00 mg/100cm3). Instant coffees contained larger amount of oxalates than natural ground coffees. Irrespective of the kind of the tested coffees, the lowest oxalates content was found in the infusions from the following coffees: Tchibo Exclusive - 19.62 mg/100cm3, Gala ulubiona - 37.32 mg/100cm3, and Maxwell House - 38.40 mg/100cm3, while the highest oxalates content in instant coffee - Nescafe Espiro 51.80 mg/100cm3. Conclusions. The results revealed a significant relation between phytochemical composition of analyzed teas and coffees and the level of soluble oxalates in infusions prepared from the tested products.
Background. Tea is a very popular drink throughout many parts of the world, that includes Poland. The tea infusion (cup of tea) itself contains phenolic compounds with anti-oxidant properties that constitute 30% of the dry mass of tea leaves responsible for a health promoting effect on the human body. Objectives. To estimate the determinants and amounts of black and green tea consumed by a selected population group, along with their polyphenols intake from tea. Material and Methods. A survey was conducted of 281 subjects in 2012 from the Mazovian region of Poland, recruited from social-networking sites which had been sent a web application questionnaire (Mini-ankiety.pl). Results. Subjects were aged 18-56 years, of whom the majority (73%) were aged 21-30 years. City dwellers constituted 86%, whilst those remaining were from small towns (14%). Black tea was drunk by 80% of whom 39% did so daily, whilst green tea was drunk by 72% of whom 17% did so daily. Determinants affecting the amounts of tea drinking were principally gender, education, place of residence and number of household members. Women significantly drank more than one cup of green tea daily compared to men. Those with a higher education significantly drank more than one cup of black tea daily compared to those with lower education levels. Homeowning subjects with 2 household members significantly drank more than one cup of green tea daily than the others. The average daily intakes of polyphenols from black tea in those who drank so regularly was 503 mg and that for green tea was 361 mg. Conclusions. The main source of tea polyphenols was found to be black tea as this was drunk more often than green tea. There is a need for promoting more green tea to be drunk as a source of polyphenols.
Background. The processing of tea leaves determines the contents of bioactive ingredients, hence it should be expected that each variety of tea, black, red or green, will represent a different package of compounds of physiological importance. Taste and aroma, as well as price and brand are the main factors impacting consumers’ preferences with regard to tea of their choice; on the other hand consumers less frequently pay attention to the chemical composition and nutritional value of tea. Objective. The purpose of the study was assessment of the nutritional value of black, green and white high-quality tea leaf from Chinese plantations based on the chemical composition of the dried leaves as well as minerals and caffeine content in tea infusions. Material and methods. The research material included 18 high-quality loose-leaf teas produced at Chinese plantations, imported to Poland, and purchased in an online store. The analyses included examination of the dried tea leaves for their chemical composition (contents of water, protein, volatile substances and ash) and assessment of selected minerals and caffeine contents in the tea infusions. Results. High-quality Chinese green teas were found with the most valuable composition of minerals, i.e. the highest contents of Zn, Mn, Mg, K, Ca and Al and the highest contents of protein in comparison to the other products. Chinese black teas had the highest contents of total ash and caffeine and white teas were characterized with high content of volatile substances, similar to the black teas, and the highest content of water and the lowest content of total ash. Conclusions. The three types of tea brews examined in the present study, in particular green tea beverages, significantly enhance the organism’s mineral balance by providing valuable elements.
Podczas procesu zaparzania herbaty do roztworu ekstrahowane są różne związki. Do związków pożądanych należą garbniki (bioaktywne składniki herbaty), natomiast azotany(V) i (III) to związki niepożądane w naparach herbacianych. Badano herbaty importowane do Polski z Chin, Malawi, Papui Nowej Gwinei, Indonezji i Sri Lanki. Zawartość garbników w herbatach była zróżnicowana od 0,04 g/100 g w herbatach chińskich do 3,82 g/100 g w surowcu pochodzącym z Malawi. Herbaty pochodzące z Papui Nowej Gwinei charakteryzowały się najniższą zawartością azotanów(V), wynoszącą 5,70 mg/kg oraz brakiem azotanów(III). Najwyższe ilości tych azotanów stwierdzono w herbacie z Malawi, a wynosiły one odpowiednio 64,38 i 13,50 mg/kg.
The leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze are used to produce many types of tea; this variety results from the production process. The extracts, especially from teas rich in polyphenols, are also used in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, in addition to their application for consumption. The aim of the study was to compare the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in extracts from the following types of tea: white, green, oolong, black and Pu-erh. The aqueous and methanolic extracts from the teas were analysed by spectrophotometric methods. The method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to determine total phenolic content; the antioxidant activity was investigated by means of the reaction with the DPPH radical. Total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of examined extracts differed significantly. The alcoholic and aqueous extracts from white and green tea of the highest content of polyphenols (97.1–84.4 mg GAE/g) showed the greatest antioxidant activity (IC50 0.263–0.329 mg/ml), similar to that of BHA. The methanolic extracts from black and Pu-erh tea demonstrated much weaker activity. The antioxidant activity of extracts from investigated teas is closely correlated with content of polyphenolic compounds, which depends on the type of tea and the solvent used for extraction.
Oznaczono zawartość 19 składników mineralnych (Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, K Zn, Cu, F, Ni, Co, Cr, Sr, Li, Hg, Cd i Pb) w herbatach zielonych i czarnych. Oceniono również wydajność ługowania niektórych składników z analizowanych liści do naparu herbacianego.
W pracy oznaczono zawartość garbników katecholowych w różnych gatunkach herbat. Badano herbaty czarne, zielone i czerwone. Oznaczenie zawartości garbników przeprowadzono za pomocą metody opisanej w Farmakopei Polskiej VI.
Przedstawiono wyniki oznaczeń zawartości azotanów i azotynów w papierosach, herbatach czarnych, herbatach owocowych oraz w ich naparach.
Herbaty charakteryzują się odmiennym składem związków polifenolowych, co wpływa na zróżnicowanie ich właściwości przeciwutleniających. Dlatego celem pracy była analiza i porównanie aktywności przeciwutleniającej wybranych herbat, dostępnych w sprzedaży detalicznej. Aktywność przeciwutleniającą alkoholowych ekstraktów analizowanych produktów oznaczano spektrofotometrycznie na podstawie ich zdolności do eliminowania wolnych rodników DPPH (1,1-difenylo-2-pikrylohydrazyl). Stwierdzono, że badane herbaty charakteryzowały się na ogół dobrymi właściwościami przeciwutleniającymi, ale aktywność ich ekstraktów była bardziej zróżnicowana w grupie herbat fermentowanych niż niefermentowanych i półfermentowanych. W badaniach wykazano również, że istotny wpływ na właściwości przeciwutleniające herbat ma proces fermentacji. Największymi właściwościami przeciwutleniającymi spośród badanych produktów charakteryzowały się półfermentowane herbaty oolong i pu erh, których średnie aktywności wynosiły odpowiednio około 70% i 67%. Niefermentowane herbaty zielone i fermentowane czarne miały na ogół aktywności niższe, zawarte w przedziałach odpowiednio 53,7-61% i 39,6-68%, chociaż jedna z herbat czarnych (Yunnan Top) wykazywała aktywność 68%, a więc podobną jak herbaty półfermentowane. Analiza statystyczna potwierdziła, iż zdecydowana większość badanych produktów istotnie różni się (p≤0,05) zdolnością do redukcji rodników DPPH.
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