Proteomics is a new, dynamically developing branch of science. It uses specific research tools which enable analysis of a whole protein expression in definite time and a concrete biological system. The purpose of current applications of renal and urinary proteomics are to better understand renal physiology, to explore the molecular mechanisms of the occurrence and progression of diseases, and also to identify protein biomarkers. This review is intended to discus the present status of the contribution of proteomic analysis to nephrology.
Caves formed a crucial shelters for people of Palaeolithic times. Among many archaeological cave sites known from Poland, the Biśnik Cave is one of the best recognized, with 18 cultural horizons of Middle Palaeolithic. The paper's aim was to check if geochemical traces of Neanderthal people have survived in the cave sediments. The samples of late Middle and early Late Pleistocene layers were analyzed by GC-MS method. The results allow to state the presence of two zoosterols (coprostanol and cholesterol) in sediments and to establish the participation of each sterol in particular layers. The ratio of sterol contents indicates the important impact of human faeces on the sedimentation of final Saalian, Eemian and early Weichselian sediments, but shows no clear evidence of human activity in older layers (middle Saalian). Achieved geochemical data stay in accordancc with settlement intensity reconstructed on the basis of archaeological rccord.