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Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. is an edible fungus of great significance in medicine. It is rarely found in Europe, in contrast, it is common in Japan and North America. Its fruitbodies have been well-known for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese medicine and cuisine. A cradle of H. erinaceum cultivation is Asia. In Eastern Europe is rare in natural habitats, but can be successfully cultivated. Both fruitbodies and mycelia are rich in active, health promoting substances. Tests of substances extracted from this mushroom carried out on animals and in vitro have given good results. They can be used in the treatment of cancer, hepatic disorders, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, wound healing. They improve cognitive abilities, support the nervous and immune systems. Promising results have been reported in clinical trials and case reports about the human treatment (e.g., recovery from schizophrenia, an improvement of the quality of sleep, alleviation of the menopause symptoms). The subject of this paper is to summarize information about the development of mycelium, the best conditions for cultivation of fruitbodies, bioactive substances and their use in medicine.
Chamaesphecia nigrifrons (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) has been hitherto known in Poland on the basis of a single specimen caught in 1967 in Bieszczady. In 2007 the presence of this species in Poland was confirmed. It was reported from a number of sites in Polesie Lubelskie and Podlasie, over the area of 14 UTM squares. The paper presents morphological description and new biological data on this clearwing moth.
Metaphysics, or the knowledge of what there is, has been traditionally placed at the pinnacle of philosophical hierarchy. It was followed by theory of knowledge, or epistemology. Practical knowledge of proper modes of conduct, ethics, came third, followed by aesthetics, treated usually in a marginal way as having to do only with the perception of the beautiful. The hierarchy of philosophical disciplines has recently undergone a substantial transformation. As a result, ethics has assumed a central role. The aim of this paper is to suggest that the hierarchy of philosophical disciplines is not yet complete and that one further step needs to be taken. According to the claim advocated here, it is not metaphysics, epistemology or ethics, but aesthetics that is the first and foremost of all philosophical disciplines. This claim is argued for by references to findings of evolutionary aesthetics, especially to Charles Darwin's idea of sexual selection as elaborated in The Descent of Man. I also argue that Darwinian approach to morality is, and should be, derivable from an Darwinian aesthetics which lies at the core of his conception of sexual selection.
The paper describes and illustrates the morphology of all preimaginal stages for Ocypus fulvipennis Erichson, 1840 including a detailed account of chaetotaxy. Diagnostic characters of egg, larva and pupa of this species are given. Morphological differences between the first (L₁) and mature (L₃) larval instars cover: chaetotaxy of head, profemur, protibia, tarsungulus, abdominal tergites, paratergites, sternites, parasternites and urogomphi; structure of antenna, maxillae and urogomphi; microstructure of abdominal tergites, proportions of the body parts, body colour and habitus. Some data on its distribution and biology in the field and laboratory conditions are also provided. All immature stages of O. fulvipennis were compared with those of other members of this genus. Instead of size, following distinguishing characters are provided for respective stages: egg - tubercle simple, without projection and equatorial band medium in width; larvae (L₃) - teeth of nasale very sharp and well marked, apotome with sharply pointed apex, segment II of labial palp about 2.4 times longer than segment III; pupa - 12 setiform projections on pronotum, antennae distinctly protruding beyond apex of middle tibia, hind legs reaching ⅔ of length of 4th morphological segment.
The combination of SEM and autoclave methods gave a clear three-dimensional demonstration of integumental elastic fibres in small densely-haired mammals. The specific organisation of a fine and spongy elastic network was characterised by uniformly thin elastic fibres which were homogeneously distributed between both hair follicle types throughout the whole dermis. All the hair follicles were connected with each other by elastic fibres along their complete intradermal length. The advantage of such a specific elastic dermis construction is that all hair follicles can be moved together and simultaneously along the entire body, so that a better and rapid insulation is achieved after erection of the hair follicles during very low temperatures.
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