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The influence of herbicides on protein and starch content in barley grain was examined.
The studies were carried out in 1994-1997. The experimental bushes were grown in Puławy. Eight cultivars were examined (,Ben Alder', ,Ben Lomond', ,Ben Nevis', ,Ben Tirran',,Ceres', ,Ojebyn',, Titania',, Triton'). Pollen grains viability was estimated in acetocarmine slides, while germination ability was estimated on agar medium. All cultivars showed high viability (80-100%). Weather conditions (especially temperatures at the time of blooming) had significant influence on germination ability. In colder years, only 10-40% of pollen produced pollen tubes, while in warmer years 50-80%. The biological value of blackcurrant pollen grains can be more effectively estimated on the basis of their ability to form pollen tubes than their viability.
In 2006–2007 the studies aimed to compare the biological value of fresh herb of wrinkledleaf mint (Mentha crispa L.), water mint (Mentha aquatica L.) and three varieties of peppermint: bergamot mint (Mentha x piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.), white peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. var. officinalis Sole f. pallescens Camus) and black peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. var. officinalis Sole f. rubescens Camus) were carried out. Content of dry matter, chlorophyll a, total carotenoids, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity (herb and oil) differed significantly in the species and varieties of mint tested in the experiment. Significantly higher content of dry matter was noted for bergamot mint (24.24%), chlorophyll a – for black peppermint (1574.83 mg∙kg-1 f.m.), total carotenoids – for wrinkled-leaf mint (431.98 mg∙kg-1 f.m.), total polyphenols – for water mint (450.25 mg∙100g-1 f.m.) and antioxidant activity – for black peppermint, water mint and wrinkled-leaf mint (on average 84.43%). Among species tested in the experiment the highest antioxidant activity of the essential oil was assessed for wrinkled-leaf mint (29.78%).
Garden savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an aromatic spice plant commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Biological value of this plant is influenced by biotic and abiotic conditions, which include fertilization and date of harvesting. The research was aimed at determining the effect of differentiated nitrogen fertilization (nitrogen doses 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 g·m–2) and different harvesting time (initial flowering and full flowering phase) on yield of fresh plant weight, yield of essential oils, dry matter, protein, L-ascorbic acid contents in the raw material of garden savory of Saturn cv. The highest yield of fresh mass and essential oil was recorded in the herb harvested in the initial flowering phase after applying the highest doses of nitrogen. The obtained results allow to conclude that the greatest influence on the content of L-ascorbic acid in the herb had a dose of 4 g N∙m–2 in both examined dates. The highest amount of protein and dry matter was found in savory raw material after applying the highest dose of nitrogen in the full flowering phase.
Influence of lactation stage on selected blood parameters and biological value of cow milk during pasture season in organic system of production. The disproportion between the cow's genetically determined ability to produce milk and the limits to improving the energy value of feed may be the cause of the metabolic stress of animals kept at organic farms. Negative energy balance has a major impact on the body's hormonal balance and the function of the organs; it also affects the content of basic components (protein, fat and lactose) in cows' milk. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the biological value of organic milk obtained from high producing dairy cows at different stages of lactation during pasture season. The study was carried out on 68 Polish Holstein-Friesian primiparous. 272 milk samples were collected from cows which were in one of the following phases: the beginning of lactation (BL): 5-30 days postpartum); peak of lactation (PL): 60-90 days postpartum; full lactation (FL): 120-150 days postpartum); end/final phase of lactation (EL): 250 days postpartum. Stage of lactation had an overriding effect on the majority of analyzed milk constituents including: whey proteins, vitamins soluble in fat, phospholipids and fatty acids. The highest levels of lactoferin were found at the beginning of lactation (BL). At the same time, the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration increased, which confirmed that the fast growing milk yield at the peak of lactation is linked to an increase in energy demand. The lowest alanine aminotransferase and non esterified fatty acids activity was measured during BL. The study has shown a significant influence of lactation stage on the biological value of organic milk obtained from high producing dairy cows during pasture season. In addition, there is evidence that the organic production system has no influence on the metabolic profile of cows as the plasma parameters were within their standard norms. This might be the result of the positive effect of grass antioxidants.
Lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme are herbal species possessing versatile medicinal properties. They are also used as spices for culinary purposes. In the Polish climate, despite being perennial, these herbs usually grow on plantations for a year. The reason is their tendency to develop more lignified lower parts of stems, which in consequence depreciates the quality of yield and make the plants more sensitive to spring frost when there is no snow cover. The study aimed at evaluating the yielding of three herbal species (lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme) grown from seedlings in south-eastern Poland. Another objective was to determine the content of essential oils and minerals in raw material against the backdrop of the weather conditions during the growing season. The plant height was determined before harvest. Herbs were cut at the beginning of flowering, i.e. mid-July (lemon balm) and mid-August (common thyme); garden sage does not flower in the first year, hence the herb was cut at the end of August. Weight of fresh herbage was determined after the harvest, while air-dried herbage weight, ground herbage weight (for common thyme) and air-dried leaf weight (for lemon balm and garden sage) were assessed after drying under natural conditions. The content of essential oils was evaluated in dried material according to the applicable method descibed in Pharmacopoeia. Quantities of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrates, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur were also determined in the harvested material. The height of lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme plants depended on the rainfall sum. Herbs grew higher in the years characterized by larger sums of atmospheric precipitations from May till July. Rainfalls also significantly affected the yields of fresh lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme herbs. In 2006, a year with less atmospheric precipitation, considerably more total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur accumulated in lemon balm leaves. More total nitrogen in garden sage and common thyme, ammonia in garden sage leaves as well as calcium in common thyme herb were found as well.
Consumer attractiveness and the usefulness for food processing of sweet pepper are determined by fruits quality values. The large weight, thick pericarp and intensive color at physiological ripeness as well as the share of pericarp to the fruit weight are most important. Such sweet pepper cultivars are now available in Poland. These cultivars are adopted to growing in less favourable environmental conditions and they reveal high stability. The aim of this study was evaluate the open field yielding and comparing the utility and biological value of fruits of seven sweet pepper cultivars adapted to growing under less favorable environmental conditions in terms of the fresh vegetables market usefulness for consumption and processing. The highest average marketable yield of fruits was achieved from ‘Caryca F1’ cv., which was larger in comparison to the yield of ‘Roberta F1’ and ‘Jova’ cvs. The yield of remaining cultivars was not significantly different from ‘Caryca F1’cv. Evaluated cultivars showed a great diversity in terms of their utility and biological value of fruits. The ‘Mino’ cv. was distinguished by the largest weight fruits while ‘Jova’ cv. by thick pericarp. The great weight of fruit, pericarp thickness and the great weight of edible parts of fruits was shown by ‘Caryca F1’ cv., while in a view of the assessed parameters of biological value the most L-ascorbic acid were contained ‘Roberta F1’, ‘Robertina’, ‘Corrida F1’ cv. fruits and the extract ‘Roberta F1’ cv. fruits.
A plant growing experiment was conducted in 2002-2003 on the aubergine cultivars Epic F1 and Solara F1 grown in an unheated polyethylene tunnel greenhouse at the Experimental Station in Marcelin, the University of Life Sciences in Poznań. Seedlings were planted on May 15 on beds at a 0.5 × 0.5 m spacing, i.e. 4 plants m–2, into 6 dm3 cylinders filled with a mixture, limed to pHH2O = 6.5, of mineral soil (light loamy sand containing 12% clay fraction – deposited on medium-heavy loam) with highmoor peat from Lithuania (v : v = 4 : 1). Basic fertilization – pre-vegetation and top dressing with macronutrients, based on an analysis of the substrate using the universal method in 0.03 M CH3COOH, was determined to attain the assumed levels: L (N – 200, P – 175, K – 330 mg dm–3), S (N – 300, P – 265, K – 500 mg dm–3), H (N – 400, P – 350, K – 665 mg dm–), while maintaining the N : P : K ratio at 1 : 0.9 : 1.7. The aim of this study has been to determine the effect of a fertilization level and cultivar on the yield and biological value of fruits of aubergine grown on a mixture of mineral soil with highmoor peat (v : v – 4 : 1). The total yield, number of fruits and weight of individual fruits were determined. Significant effect was found for the fertilization level and cultivar on the total yield, mean number of fruits and weight of a single aubergine fruit. Fruits of cv. Epic F1 aubergine contained more vitamin C than fruits of cv. Solara F1. In both years, the solids content in fruits of the two aubergine cultivars ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 %. A higher mean dry matter content in aubergine fruits was recorded in cv. Solara F1.
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