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In this paper we present a hypothesis about the loss of organisms associated with hosts in small populations. Data for fungi specific to arcto-alpine plants are presented. We found that the number of fungal species on plants is directly proportional to the size of the host population. This conforms to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography. Once the host population is below a critical size, some fungal species are lost. We term this process 'symbiotic drift.'
European red deer are known to show a conspicuous phylogeographic pattern with three distinct mtDNA lineages (western, eastern and North-African/Sardinian). The western lineage, believed to be indicative of a southwestern glacial refuge in Iberia and southern France, nowadays covers large areas of the continent including the British Isles, Scandinavia and parts of central Europe, while the eastern lineage is primarily found in southeast-central Europe, the Carpathians and the Balkans. However, large parts of central Europe and the whole northeast of the continent were not covered by previous analyses. To close this gap, we produced mtDNA control region sequences from more than 500 red deer from Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia and combined our data with sequences available from earlier studies to an overall sample size of almost 1,100. Our results show that the western lineage extends far into the European east and is prominent in all eastern countries except for the Polish Carpathians, Ukraine and Russia where only eastern haplotypes occurred. While the latter may actually reflect the natural northward expansion of the eastern lineage after the last ice age, the present distribution of the western lineage in eastern Europe may in large parts be artificial and a result of translocations and reintroduction of red deer into areas where the species became extinct in historical times.
A karyotype of 2n = 52 chromosomes was found in twoEliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) specimens from two different localities of Tirol (Austria). The karyotype is similar to the one described in the Italian Alps, suggesting that these mountains were not a barrier to the northern expansion of this chromosomal race.
The marine species richness (MSR) recorded in 159 sandy beach surveys was analysed in relation to beach width (W). MSR is the number of macrobenthic species collected in a standard intertidal transect survey, excluding insects. Beach width (W) was estimated by dividing the spring tide range [m] by the beach face slope, to give a value in [m]. The relationship between MSR and W was best described by a semilog (exponential) model, which was highly significant: MSR = −5.2+ 10.8 logW. The fit of a power model (MSR = cWz) was also significant. The steep slope of the curve for a power model (z = 0.49) suggests that beaches function as isolated rather than contiguous habitats and that the nature of the habitat becomes more benign as beaches widen. There are some latitudinal effects, with tropical beaches displaying a higher species-area relationship for any beach width than other regions.
The bird species in the three different vegetation zones – dry forests, humid forests, and coastal plain – of the Istranca Mountains in north-western Turkey were investigated. A total of 79 days of observations consisting of 17 months were performed on a fifty-one kilometre line, transecting the mountains. One hundred and forty-nine bird species were determined during the weekly periodic observations carried out between early 1989 and late 1990. Of these 55 were resident, 24 were winter visitors, and 62 were summer migrants. Eight species were seen occasionally and were therefore described as accidental. The statistical tests revealed that the frequencies of the resident, winter visitor, and summer migrants were different in the study area in which winter visitors were fewer than the resident and summer migrants. The frequencies of the bird species in the three different zones regarding the pooled data also different that the dry forests had fewer bird species than the coastal plain.
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