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The present study deals with biochemical and physiological methods for assessment of the optimal nutrient supply for the growth and development of garden rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.), edible vegetable. Two nitrate (0.3; 0.6 g N dm⁻³ of medium) and three potassium doses (0.3; 0.6; 0.9 g K dm⁻³ of medium) in the form of sulphate or chloride were examined. At the higher nitrate dose and the sulphate form of potassium the intense green colour of leaves, higher content of nitrates, flavonoids, L-ascorbic acid and lower carbohydrates content correlated with elevated growth parameters, e.g. the number of leaves and partially plant fresh weight. The proline and anthocyanin contents weakly diversified the nutrient supply. Despite the lack of modification in the photosynthetic pigment concentration, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly improved when the higher nitrate dose accompanied the sulphate form of potassium (higher values of fluorescence decrease, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in the dark-adapted state, photochemical quenching and lower values of the fraction of absorbed light energy not used for photochemistry). The biochemical and photosynthetic parameters corresponding to the morphological characteristics (leaf colour, number of leaves and plant fresh weight) indicated that better nutrient conditions were provided to plants under the combined fertilization of the higher nitrate dose and the sulphate form of potassium.
Effect of salinity on Hyacinth bean, Lablab purpureus (HA-4 cultivar) was evaluated in 10-day old seedlings with 100–500 mM NaCl over 72 h of exposure. The stress reduced dry and fresh weight, leaf surface area, root and shoot length, total chlorophyll, and RWC. Oxidative stress markers, H₂O₂, glutathione, TBARS, proline, ascorbic acid, total phenols, and total soluble sugar contents were significantly elevated. Salinity enhanced antioxidant enzymes, POX, and GR activities and reduced that of CAT in concentration and time dependent manner in leaves. Antioxidant enzymes in roots showed inverse relationship with concentration and time of exposure. Metabolic enzyme β-amylase activity increased in both leaves and roots. Acid phosphatase decreased in leaves and elevated in roots. Intensity of constitutive isozymes correlated with in vitro levels under stress, but the protein band patterns differed from controls. Lablab showed reasonable tolerance up to 300 mM NaCl, but leaves and roots differed in their response.
Chilling is one of the major abiotic stress which limites yield and quality of many crops. The seedlings of rice varieties namely Koshihikari (Japonica subtype) chilling tolerant, and the susceptible NMR2 (Indica subtype) were treated at 25/15 °C and 5/4 °C day/night to determine the growth parameters, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activity. It was found that in all treatments, the growth of MNR2 including root and shoot lengths, and leaf and root weights were inhibited at greater levels than Koshihikari. There were seven phenolic acids identified in leaves of Koshihikari including caffeic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, and cinamic acid, but only benzoic acid and ellagic acid were found in leaves of MNR2. In contrast, only vanillic acid and ellagic acid were observed in roots of Koshihikari, whilst ellagic acid and cinnamic acid were found in roots of MNR2. It was found that rice reduced amount of phenolic acids but promoted quantity of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) and level of antioxidant activity in chilling stress, although the level of responses varied between Japonica and Indica subtypes. Tolerant rice possessed greater bound flavonoids, phenolics and phenolic acids, but susceptible rice accumulated greater free TPC and TFC in reduced temperature. Findings of this study highlighted that phenolic constituents in bound forms of phenols, polyphenols, and flavonoids may play an active role in rice plants than phenolic acids under chilling stress but need further elaboration.
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